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Samarium vs Thorium

Samarium
Thorium
Thorium vs Samarium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sm   
Th   
Group Number
Not Available   
0   
18
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440199   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
R_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
166.00   
6
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Samarium metals helps stimulating body metabolism.
  • Samarium metals was 1st observed by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in Dydimia in 1853.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1879   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-7 %   
19
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
37
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
29
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
40
0.00 %   
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Magnets of Samarium cobalt alloy are stronger than that of Iron and hence, they are used in microwave application.
  • Samarium metal also used in optical lasers and infrared absorbing glasses and as a neutron absorber.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Slightly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
Not Available   
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,072.00 °C   
99+
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
1,900.00 °C   
99+
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Lustrous   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
441.00 MPa   
27
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
412.00 MPa   
24
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
2,130.00 m/s   
99+
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Sm   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30   
9
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.17   
40
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07   
32
1.11   
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.83   
14
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,070.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,260.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,990.00 kJ/mol   
37
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.87 g/amp-hr   
34
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV   
99+
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
62   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f6 6s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Samarium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
62   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
88   
39
142   
15
Number of Electrons
62   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm   
14
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
198.00 pm   
13
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
229.00 pm   
20
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
150.36 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
19.95 cm3/mol   
19
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Promethium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Europium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.80 (-eV)   
37
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
362.10 pm   
33
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.52 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.16 g/cm3   
32
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.94 (Pa)   
9
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.50 GPa   
34
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
37.80 GPa   
35
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
49.70 GPa   
37
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
19
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.52   
99+
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
0.94 nΩ·m   
99+
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.20 J/(kg K)   
31
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
29.54 J/mol·K   
7
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
13.30 W/m·K   
99+
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
12.70 µm/(m·K)   
30
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
166.40 kJ/mol   
99+
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.62 kJ/mol   
40
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
209.00 kJ/mol   
99+
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
69.60 J/mol.K   
15
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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