Symbol
Sm
  
Th
  
Group Number
Not Available
  
Period Number
6
  
7
  
Block
f block
  
f block
  
Element Family
Lanthanide
  
Actinide
  
Space Group Name
R_ 3m
  
P63/mmc
  
Interesting Facts
- Samarium metals helps stimulating body metabolism.
- Samarium metals was 1st observed by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in Dydimia in 1853.
  
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
Found in Minerals, Mining
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
  
Discovery
In 1879
  
In 1829
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Uses & Benefits
- Magnets of Samarium cobalt alloy are stronger than that of Iron and hence, they are used in microwave application.
- Samarium metal also used in optical lasers and infrared absorbing glasses and as a neutron absorber.
  
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Slightly Toxic
  
Non Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
  
22
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
33
In Bone
Not Available
  
0.02 p.p.m.
  
29
Melting Point
1,072.00 °C
  
99+
1,750.00 °C
  
17
Boiling Point
1,900.00 °C
  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silvery White
  
Silver
  
Luster
Lustrous
  
NA
  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
2,130.00 m/s
  
99+
2,490.00 m/s
  
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Sm
  
Th
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol
  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,070.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,260.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,990.00 kJ/mol
  
37
2,780.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.87 g/amp-hr
  
34
2.16 g/amp-hr
  
24
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
  
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f6 6s2
  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
  
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)
  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
  
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Samarium.jpg#100
  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Weight
150.36 amu
  
99+
Atomic Volume
19.95 cm3/mol
  
19
19.90 cm3/mol
  
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.80 (-eV)
  
37
59.30 (-eV)
  
23
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.52 g/cm3
  
99+
11.72 g/cm3
  
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
  
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
  
Ductile
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Superconductor
  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m
  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω
  
31
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
  
21
Not Available
  
Specific Heat
0.20 J/(kg K)
  
31
0.12 J/(kg K)
  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
29.54 J/mol·K
  
7
26.23 J/mol·K
  
30
Thermal Conductivity
13.30 W/m·K
  
99+
54.00 W/m·K
  
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
12.70 µm/(m·K)
  
30
11.00 µm/(m·K)
  
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
166.40 kJ/mol
  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol
  
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.62 kJ/mol
  
40
15.48 kJ/mol
  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
209.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
468.60 kJ/mol
  
15
Standard Molar Entropy
69.60 J/mol.K
  
15
27.30 J/mol.K
  
99+