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Samarium Thorium Comparison

Samarium
Thorium
Thorium Samarium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sm  
Th  
Group Number
3  
15
0  
18
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440199  
99+
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
R_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
166.00  
9
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Samarium metals helps stimulating body metabolism.
  • Samarium metals was 1st observed by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in Dydimia in 1853.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1879  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
29
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Magnets of Samarium cobalt alloy are stronger than that of Iron and hence, they are used in microwave application.
  • Samarium metal also used in optical lasers and infrared absorbing glasses and as a neutron absorber.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Slightly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
1,072.00 °C  
99+
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
1,900.00 °C  
99+
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Lustrous  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
441.00 MPa  
32
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
412.00 MPa  
40
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,130.00 m/s  
99+
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.80  
22
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Sm  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30  
9
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.17  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.17  
33
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.17  
40
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.17  
99+
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.83  
14
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,070.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,260.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,450.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
54,450.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
54,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
624.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
624.00 kJ/mol  
37
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
544.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
544.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.87 g/amp-hr  
38
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV  
99+
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
62  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f6 6s2  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Samarium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
62  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
88  
40
142  
16
Number of Electrons
62  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
198.00 pm  
13
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
229.00 pm  
25
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
150.36 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
19.95 cm3/mol  
31
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Promethium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Europium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.80 (-eV)  
38
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
362.10 pm  
37
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.62  
15
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.52 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.16 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.94 (Pa)  
9
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
29
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.50 GPa  
99+
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
37.80 GPa  
99+
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
49.70 GPa  
40
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
19
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.52  
99+
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
0.94 nΩ·m  
99+
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.20 J/(kg K)  
32
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
29.54 J/mol·K  
9
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
13.30 W/m·K  
99+
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
1,345.00 K  
99+
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
12.70 µm/(m·K)  
39
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
166.40 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.62 kJ/mol  
99+
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
209.00 kJ/mol  
99+
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
69.60 J/mol.K  
15
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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