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Thorium vs Thulium

Thorium
Thulium
Thulium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th   
Tm   
Group Number
0   
18
Not Available   
Period Number
7   
6   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440326   
99+
7440304   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Per Teodor Cleve   
Discovery
In 1829   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
1 * 10-8 %   
30
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~0.00000002 %   
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %   
11
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %   
7
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
15
0.00 %   
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Unknown   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
Not Available   
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C   
17
1,545.00 °C   
23
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C   
8
1,730.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa   
29
471.00 MPa   
25
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa   
29
520.00 MPa   
21
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th   
Tm   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28   
11
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.25   
35
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.11   
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.75   
19
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
596.70 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,160.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,285.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
2.10 g/amp-hr   
26
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV   
32
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90   
28
69   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
[Xe] 4f13 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90   
28
69   
99+
Number of Neutrons
142   
15
100   
32
Number of Electrons
90   
28
69   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm   
15
176.00 pm   
18
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm   
7
160.00 pm   
30
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
Not Available   
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu   
23
168.93 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
18.10 cm3/mol   
28
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Erbium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Ytterbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)   
23
49.70 (-eV)   
28
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm   
14
353.75 pm   
40
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.57   
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3   
32
9.32 g/cm3   
40
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
8.56 g/cm3   
24
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.06 (Pa)   
10
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa   
21
30.50 GPa   
22
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa   
22
44.50 GPa   
26
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
74.00 GPa   
27
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
20
0.21   
31
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70   
23
9.32   
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
676.00 nΩ·m   
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
27.03 J/mol·K   
22
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K   
28
16.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
13.30 µm/(m·K)   
29
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
191.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
16.80 kJ/mol   
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
247.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
74.00 J/mol.K   
9
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