Thorium vs Thulium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Th
Tm
Group Number
0
18
Not Available
Period Number
7
6
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Actinide
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440326
99+
7440304
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Per Teodor Cleve
Discovery
In 1829
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %
9
1 * 10-8 %
30
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %
9
~0.00000002 %
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %
11
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %
7
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
15
0.00 %
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Unknown
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
Not Available
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
29
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C
17
1,545.00 °C
23
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C
8
1,730.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery Gray
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa
29
471.00 MPa
25
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa
29
520.00 MPa
21
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s
36
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th
Tm
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
28
11
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
1.25
35
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.11
29
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
2.75
19
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV
32
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90
28
69
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
90
28
69
99+
Number of Neutrons
142
15
100
32
Number of Electrons
90
28
69
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm
15
176.00 pm
18
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm
7
160.00 pm
30
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
Not Available
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu
23
168.93 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
18.10 cm3/mol
28
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)
23
49.70 (-eV)
28
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm
14
353.75 pm
40
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.57
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3
32
9.32 g/cm3
40
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
8.56 g/cm3
24
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.06 (Pa)
10
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa
21
30.50 GPa
22
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa
22
44.50 GPa
26
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
74.00 GPa
27
Poisson Ratio
0.27
20
0.21
31
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.70
23
9.32
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m
22
676.00 nΩ·m
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
Not Available
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K
30
27.03 J/mol·K
22
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K
28
16.90 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
15
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
19
16.80 kJ/mol
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
15
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
74.00 J/mol.K
9
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