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Thulium vs Thorium

Thulium
Thorium
Thorium vs Thulium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm   
Th   
Group Number
Not Available   
0   
18
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440304   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1879   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %   
30
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %   
28
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Unknown   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
Not Available   
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C   
23
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C   
99+
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa   
25
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa   
21
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25   
35
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.11   
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75   
19
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
26
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
69   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
100   
32
142   
15
Number of Electrons
69   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm   
30
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol   
28
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Erbium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Ytterbium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)   
28
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm   
40
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3   
40
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3   
24
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)   
10
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa   
22
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa   
26
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa   
27
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.21   
31
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m   
5
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K   
22
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K   
99+
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)   
29
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol   
99+
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol   
17
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol   
99+
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K   
9
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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