Thulium Thorium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm
Th
Group Number
Not Available
0
18
Period Number
6
7
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Actinide
CAS Number
7440304
99+
7440326
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Discovery
In 1879
In 1829
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %
30
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %
28
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.05 %
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.66 %
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Unknown
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
In Bone
Not Available
0.02 p.p.m.
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C
23
1,750.00 °C
17
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C
99+
4,790.00 °C
8
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silver
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
3.00
12
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa
25
390.00 MPa
29
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa
21
295.00 MPa
29
Speed of Sound
Not Available
2,490.00 m/s
36
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm
Th
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
28
11
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25
35
1.30
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.11
29
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75
19
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
Electron Work Function
Not Available
3.41 eV
32
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69
99+
90
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
69
99+
90
28
Number of Neutrons
100
32
142
15
Number of Electrons
69
99+
90
28
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
179.80 pm
15
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm
30
206.00 pm
7
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
237.00 pm
15
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu
99+
232.04 amu
23
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol
28
19.90 cm3/mol
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)
28
59.30 (-eV)
23
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm
40
508.42 pm
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3
40
11.72 g/cm3
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3
24
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)
10
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
22
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa
22
31.00 GPa
21
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa
26
54.00 GPa
22
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa
27
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
0.21
31
0.27
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.32
31
11.70
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m
5
157.00 nΩ·m
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K
22
26.23 J/mol·K
30
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K
99+
54.00 W/m·K
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol
17
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K
9
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
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