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Samarium vs Californium

Samarium
Californium
Californium vs Samarium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sm  
Cf  
Group Number
3  
15
3  
15
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440199  
99+
7440713  
20
Space Group Name
R_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
166.00  
9
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Samarium metals helps stimulating body metabolism.
  • Samarium metals was 1st observed by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in Dydimia in 1853.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1879  
In 1950  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
29
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
40
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Magnets of Samarium cobalt alloy are stronger than that of Iron and hence, they are used in microwave application.
  • Samarium metal also used in optical lasers and infrared absorbing glasses and as a neutron absorber.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors  
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Slightly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,072.00 °C  
99+
900.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,900.00 °C  
99+
1,470.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Lustrous  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
441.00 MPa  
32
170.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
412.00 MPa  
40
1,800.00 MPa  
7
Speed of Sound
2,130.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.80  
22
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
63.00 %  
20
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Sm  
Cf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30  
9
20  
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.17  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.17  
33
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.17  
40
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.17  
99+
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.83  
14
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,070.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,260.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
13th Energy Level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,450.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
15th Energy Level
54,450.00 kJ/mol  
99+
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
16th Energy Level
54,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
17th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
624.00 kJ/mol  
99+
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
22nd Energy Level
624.00 kJ/mol  
37
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
23rd Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
24th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
544.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
544.00 kJ/mol  
99+
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.87 g/amp-hr  
38
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV  
99+
4.70 eV  
15
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
62  
99+
98  
20
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f6 6s2  
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Samarium.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
62  
99+
98  
20
Number of Neutrons
88  
40
153  
10
Number of Electrons
62  
99+
98  
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
186.00 pm  
11
Covalent Radius
198.00 pm  
13
186.00 pm  
21
Van der Waals Radius
229.00 pm  
25
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
150.36 amu  
99+
251.00 amu  
17
Atomic Volume
19.95 cm3/mol  
31
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Promethium
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Europium
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.80 (-eV)  
38
44.50 (-eV)  
39
Lattice Constant
362.10 pm  
37
338.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.62  
15
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.52 g/cm3  
99+
15.10 g/cm3  
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.16 g/cm3  
99+
15.10 g/cm3  
22
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.94 (Pa)  
9
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
29
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.50 GPa  
99+
29.00 GPa  
29
Bulk Modulus
37.80 GPa  
99+
40.00 GPa  
38
Young's Modulus
49.70 GPa  
40
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
19
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Malleable, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.52  
99+
15.10  
24
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
0.94 nΩ·m  
99+
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.20 J/(kg K)  
32
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
29.54 J/mol·K  
9
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
Thermal Conductivity
13.30 W/m·K  
99+
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,345.00 K  
99+
900.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
12.70 µm/(m·K)  
39
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
166.40 kJ/mol  
99+
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.62 kJ/mol  
99+
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
Enthalpy of Atomization
209.00 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
69.60 J/mol.K  
15
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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