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Samarium vs Californium

Samarium
Californium
Californium vs Samarium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sm   
Cf   
Group Number
Not Available   
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440199   
99+
7440713   
20
Space Group Name
R_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
166.00   
6
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Samarium metals helps stimulating body metabolism.
  • Samarium metals was 1st observed by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in Dydimia in 1853.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran   
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
Discovery
In 1879   
In 1950   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-7 %   
19
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
37
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
29
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
40
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Magnets of Samarium cobalt alloy are stronger than that of Iron and hence, they are used in microwave application.
  • Samarium metal also used in optical lasers and infrared absorbing glasses and as a neutron absorber.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors   
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Slightly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,072.00 °C   
99+
900.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,900.00 °C   
99+
1,470.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Lustrous   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
441.00 MPa   
27
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
412.00 MPa   
24
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,130.00 m/s   
99+
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Sm   
Cf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30   
9
20   
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.17   
40
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07   
32
1.20   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.83   
14
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol   
99+
608.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,070.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,206.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,260.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,267.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,990.00 kJ/mol   
37
3,599.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.87 g/amp-hr   
34
3.12 g/amp-hr   
15
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV   
99+
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
62   
99+
98   
20
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f6 6s2   
[Rn] 5f10 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Samarium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
62   
99+
98   
20
Number of Neutrons
88   
39
153   
9
Number of Electrons
62   
99+
98   
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm   
14
186.00 pm   
9
Covalent Radius
198.00 pm   
13
Not Available   
Van der Waals Radius
229.00 pm   
20
Not Available   
Atomic Weight
150.36 amu   
99+
251.00 amu   
17
Atomic Volume
19.95 cm3/mol   
19
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Promethium
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Europium
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.80 (-eV)   
37
44.50 (-eV)   
38
Lattice Constant
362.10 pm   
33
338.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.52 g/cm3   
99+
15.10 g/cm3   
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.16 g/cm3   
32
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.94 (Pa)   
9
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.50 GPa   
34
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
37.80 GPa   
35
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
49.70 GPa   
37
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
19
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Malleable, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.52   
99+
15.10   
13
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Unknown   
Resistivity
0.94 nΩ·m   
99+
Not Available   
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.20 J/(kg K)   
31
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
29.54 J/mol·K   
7
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
13.30 W/m·K   
99+
Not Available   
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
12.70 µm/(m·K)   
30
Not Available   
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
166.40 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.62 kJ/mol   
40
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Atomization
209.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Standard Molar Entropy
69.60 J/mol.K   
15
Not Available   
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