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Thulium Hafnium Comparison

Thulium
Hafnium
Hafnium Thulium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm  
Hf  
Group Number
3  
15
4  
14
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440304  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1879  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C  
23
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C  
99+
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.25  
16
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa  
30
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa  
33
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
35.00 %  
34
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tm  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25  
36
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.25  
28
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.25  
35
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.25  
99+
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75  
19
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
35
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
36
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
30
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.40 eV  
99+
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
69  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
69  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
100  
33
106  
30
Number of Electrons
69  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm  
20
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm  
32
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
227.00 pm  
26
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol  
40
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Erbium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Ytterbium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)  
29
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm  
99+
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
40
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3  
99+
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
69.00 MPa  
32
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
19
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)  
10
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa  
26
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa  
30
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa  
29
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.21  
32
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m  
5
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)  
36
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K  
28
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K  
99+
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,818.00 K  
27
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol  
17
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K  
9
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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