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Thulium Hafnium Comparison

Thulium
Hafnium
Hafnium Thulium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm   
Hf   
Group Number
Not Available   
4   
14
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440304   
99+
7440586   
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
By-product Zirconium Refining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve   
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Discovery
In 1879   
In 1922   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %   
30
7 * 10-8 %   
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %   
28
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Unknown   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C   
23
2,150.00 °C   
10
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C   
99+
5,400.00 °C   
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Gray   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa   
25
1,450.00 MPa   
6
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa   
21
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
3,010.00 m/s   
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm   
Hf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25   
35
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.23   
25
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.16   
37
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75   
19
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol   
99+
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
26
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.90 eV   
27
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69   
99+
72   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
69   
99+
72   
99+
Number of Neutrons
100   
32
106   
29
Number of Electrons
69   
99+
72   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
159.00 pm   
28
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm   
30
175.00 pm   
23
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu   
99+
178.49 amu   
39
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol   
28
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Erbium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Ytterbium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)   
28
81.00 (-eV)   
16
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm   
40
319.64 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
1.58   
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3   
40
13.31 g/cm3   
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3   
24
12.00 g/cm3   
12
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
445.00 MPa   
8
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)   
10
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa   
22
30.00 GPa   
23
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa   
26
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa   
27
78.00 GPa   
25
Poisson Ratio
0.21   
31
0.37   
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
13.31   
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m   
5
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K   
22
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K   
99+
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)   
29
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol   
99+
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol   
17
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol   
99+
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K   
9
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
Summary >>
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