Thulium Holmium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm
Ho
Group Number
Not Available
Not Available
Period Number
6
6
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440304
99+
7440600
29
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
- Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
- Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
Marc Delafontaine
Discovery
In 1879
In 1878
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %
30
5 * 10-8 %
27
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %
28
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
38
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
- Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
- Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
Industrial Uses
NA
NA
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys, Nuclear Research
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Unknown
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
No
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C
23
1,461.00 °C
30
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C
99+
2,600.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa
25
746.00 MPa
13
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa
21
481.00 MPa
23
Speed of Sound
Not Available
2,760.00 m/s
30
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm
Ho
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
34
5
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25
35
1.23
37
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.10
30
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75
19
2.77
17
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
581.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,140.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,204.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
4,100.00 kJ/mol
34
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
2.02 g/amp-hr
29
Electron Work Function
Not Available
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69
99+
67
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[Xe] 4f11 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Holmium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
69
99+
67
99+
Number of Neutrons
100
32
98
34
Number of Electrons
69
99+
67
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
176.00 pm
18
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm
30
192.00 pm
17
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
216.00 pm
24
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu
99+
164.93 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol
28
18.70 cm3/mol
24
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)
28
47.90 (-eV)
31
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm
40
357.73 pm
38
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
1.57
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3
40
8.79 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3
24
8.34 g/cm3
26
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)
10
0.00 (Pa)
16
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa
22
26.30 GPa
28
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa
26
40.20 GPa
32
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa
27
64.80 GPa
31
Poisson Ratio
0.21
31
0.23
29
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.32
31
8.80
35
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m
5
814.00 nΩ·m
4
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K
22
27.15 J/mol·K
19
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K
99+
16.20 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
11.20 µm/(m·K)
35
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
241.00 kJ/mol
38
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol
17
11.76 kJ/mol
29
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
301.00 kJ/mol
36
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K
9
75.30 J/mol.K
8
|
||
|
||
|
