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Thulium vs Holmium

Thulium
Holmium
Holmium vs Thulium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm  
Ho  
Group Number
Not Available  
Not Available  
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440304  
99+
7440600  
29
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
5
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
  • Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
  • Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve  
Marc Delafontaine  
Discovery
In 1879  
In 1878  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %  
30
5 * 10-8 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %  
28
~-9999 %  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
  • Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
  • Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
  
Industrial Uses
NA  
NA  
Medical Uses
NA  
NA  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Unknown  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C  
23
1,461.00 °C  
30
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C  
99+
2,600.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa  
25
746.00 MPa  
13
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa  
21
481.00 MPa  
23
Speed of Sound
Not Available  
2,760.00 m/s  
30
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm  
Ho  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25  
35
1.23  
37
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
29
1.10  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75  
19
2.77  
17
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,140.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,204.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
33
4,100.00 kJ/mol  
34
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
26
2.02 g/amp-hr  
29
Electron Work Function
Not Available  
Not Available  
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69  
99+
67  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2  
[Xe] 4f11 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Holmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
69  
99+
67  
99+
Number of Neutrons
100  
32
98  
34
Number of Electrons
69  
99+
67  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm  
18
176.00 pm  
18
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm  
30
192.00 pm  
17
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available  
216.00 pm  
24
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu  
99+
164.93 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol  
28
18.70 cm3/mol  
24
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Erbium
  
Dysprosium
  
Next Element
Ytterbium
  
Erbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)  
28
47.90 (-eV)  
31
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm  
40
357.73 pm  
38
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
17
1.57  
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3  
40
8.79 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3  
24
8.34 g/cm3  
26
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)  
10
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa  
22
26.30 GPa  
28
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa  
26
40.20 GPa  
32
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa  
27
64.80 GPa  
31
Poisson Ratio
0.21  
31
0.23  
29
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
31
8.80  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m  
5
814.00 nΩ·m  
4
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
21
50.00 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)  
35
0.16 J/(kg K)  
35
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K  
22
27.15 J/mol·K  
19
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K  
99+
16.20 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
29
11.20 µm/(m·K)  
35
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol  
99+
241.00 kJ/mol  
38
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol  
17
11.76 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol  
99+
301.00 kJ/mol  
36
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K  
9
75.30 J/mol.K  
8
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