Holmium vs Thulium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ho
Tm
Group Number
Not Available
Not Available
Period Number
6
6
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440600
29
7440304
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
- Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Marc Delafontaine
Per Teodor Cleve
Discovery
In 1878
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-8 %
27
1 * 10-8 %
30
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
~0.00000002 %
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
38
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
- Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
Industrial Uses
NA
NA
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Unknown
Present in Human Body
No
No
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,461.00 °C
30
1,545.00 °C
23
Boiling Point
2,600.00 °C
99+
1,730.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Brinell Hardness
746.00 MPa
13
471.00 MPa
25
Vickers Hardness
481.00 MPa
23
520.00 MPa
21
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s
30
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ho
Tm
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
34
5
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.23
37
1.25
35
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.10
30
1.11
29
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.77
17
2.75
19
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol
99+
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,140.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,204.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,100.00 kJ/mol
34
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.02 g/amp-hr
29
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
Electron Work Function
Not Available
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
67
99+
69
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f11 6s2
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Holmium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
67
99+
69
99+
Number of Neutrons
98
34
100
32
Number of Electrons
67
99+
69
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
176.00 pm
18
Covalent Radius
192.00 pm
17
160.00 pm
30
Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm
24
Not Available
Atomic Weight
164.93 amu
99+
168.93 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.70 cm3/mol
24
18.10 cm3/mol
28
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
47.90 (-eV)
31
49.70 (-eV)
28
Lattice Constant
357.73 pm
38
353.75 pm
40
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
1.57
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.79 g/cm3
99+
9.32 g/cm3
40
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.34 g/cm3
26
8.56 g/cm3
24
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
16
0.06 (Pa)
10
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
26.30 GPa
28
30.50 GPa
22
Bulk Modulus
40.20 GPa
32
44.50 GPa
26
Young's Modulus
64.80 GPa
31
74.00 GPa
27
Poisson Ratio
0.23
29
0.21
31
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.80
35
9.32
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
814.00 nΩ·m
4
676.00 nΩ·m
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
Molar Heat Capacity
27.15 J/mol·K
19
27.03 J/mol·K
22
Thermal Conductivity
16.20 W/m·K
99+
16.90 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.20 µm/(m·K)
35
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
241.00 kJ/mol
38
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.76 kJ/mol
29
16.80 kJ/mol
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
301.00 kJ/mol
36
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
75.30 J/mol.K
8
74.00 J/mol.K
9
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