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Thulium vs Terbium


Terbium vs Thulium


Periodic Table

Symbol
Tm   
Tb   

Group Number
Not Available   
Not Available   

Period Number
6   
6   

Block
f block   
f block   

Element Family
Lanthanide   
Lanthanide   

CAS Number
7440304   
99+
7440279   
99+

Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   

Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5

Facts

Interesting Facts
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
  • At times Terbium metal acts same as Calcium.
  • Terbium metal closely similar to Lanthanum metal.
  

Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Found with Other Rare Earth Metals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   

History
  
  

Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve   
Carl Gustaf Mosander   

Discovery
In 1879   
In 1842   

Abundance
  
  

Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %   
30
5 * 10-8 %   
27

Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %   
28
~0.00000001 %   
29

Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+

Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
40

Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+

Uses

Uses & Benefits
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
  • Terbium salts are used in optical devices like laser devices.
  • Terbium’s alloy lengthens and shortens the magnetic field and this effect forms loudspeaker.
  

Industrial Uses
NA   
Electronic Industry   

Medical Uses
NA   
NA   

Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys   

Biological Properties
  
  

Toxicity
Unknown   
Low Toxic   

Present in Human Body
No   
No   

Physical Properties

Melting Point
1,545.00 °C   
23
1,356.00 °C   
33

Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C   
99+
3,123.00 °C   
29

Appearance
  
  

Physical State
Solid   
Solid   

Color
Silvery Gray   
Silvery White   

Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   

Hardness
  
  

Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa   
25
677.00 MPa   
17

Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa   
21
863.00 MPa   
13

Speed of Sound
Not Available   
2,620.00 m/s   
35

Optical Properties
  
  

Allotropes
No   
No   

α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula
Tm   
Tb   

Isotopes
  
  

Known Isotopes
32   
7
26   
13

Electronegativity
  
  

Pauling Electronegativity
1.25   
35
Not Available   

Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.10   
30

Electropositivity
  
  

Pauling Electropositivity
2.75   
19
Not Available   

Ionization Energies
  
  

1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol   
99+
603.40 kJ/mol   
99+

2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,174.80 kJ/mol   
99+

3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,417.00 kJ/mol   
99+

4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
4,203.00 kJ/mol   
31

Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
26
1.98 g/amp-hr   
31

Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.00 eV   
36

Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number
69   
99+
65   
99+

Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2   
[Xe] 4f9 6s2   

Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   

Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Terbium.jpg#100   

Atom
  
  

Number of Protons
69   
99+
65   
99+

Number of Neutrons
100   
32
94   
36

Number of Electrons
69   
99+
65   
99+

Radius of an Atom
  
  

Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
177.00 pm   
17

Covalent Radius
160.00 pm   
30
194.00 pm   
16

Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
221.00 pm   
22

Atomic Weight
168.93 amu   
99+
158.93 amu   
99+

Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol   
28
19.20 cm3/mol   
22

Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  

Previous Element
Erbium
  
Gadolinium
  

Next Element
Ytterbium
  
Dysprosium
  

Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)   
28
46.80 (-eV)   
33

Lattice Constant
353.75 pm   
40
360.10 pm   
36

Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   

Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
1.58   
13

Mechanical Properties

Density
  
  

Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3   
40
8.23 g/cm3   
99+

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3   
24
7.65 g/cm3   
30

Tensile Strength
Not Available   
60.00 MPa   
17

Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure
  
  

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)   
10
0.00 (Pa)   
29

Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
12.50 (Pa)   
8

Elasticity properties
  
  

Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa   
22
22.10 GPa   
32

Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa   
26
38.70 GPa   
33

Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa   
27
55.70 GPa   
34

Poisson Ratio
0.21   
31
0.26   
21

Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic Characteristics
  
  

Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
8.23   
39

Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   

Electrical Properties
  
  

Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   

Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m   
5
1.15 nΩ·m   
99+

Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+

Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
50.00 kJ/mol   
21

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33

Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K   
22
28.91 J/mol·K   
9

Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K   
99+
11.10 W/m·K   
99+

Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   

Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)   
29
10.30 µm/(m·K)   
38

Enthalpy
  
  

Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol   
99+
330.90 kJ/mol   
26

Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol   
17
10.80 kJ/mol   
34

Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol   
99+
314.00 kJ/mol   
33

Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K   
9
73.20 J/mol.K   
10

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