Thulium Nickel Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm
Ni
Group Number
Not Available
10
8
Period Number
6
4
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440304
99+
7440020
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
Discovery
In 1879
In 1751
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %
30
6 * 10-3 %
4
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %
28
~0.008 %
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
1.30 %
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.01 %
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
13
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
- It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
- Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
Industrial Uses
NA
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Unknown
Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3
17
In Bone
Not Available
0.70 p.p.m.
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C
23
1,453.00 °C
31
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C
99+
2,732.00 °C
38
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silver
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
4.00
10
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa
25
667.00 MPa
18
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa
21
638.00 MPa
16
Speed of Sound
Not Available
4,900.00 m/s
12
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
72.00 %
9
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm
Ni
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
25
14
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25
35
1.91
10
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
1.94
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.75
3
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.88
6
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75
19
2.09
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
737.10 kJ/mol
25
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,753.00 kJ/mol
25
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,395.00 kJ/mol
17
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
5,300.00 kJ/mol
15
5th Energy Level
Not Available
7,339.00 kJ/mol
15
6th Energy Level
Not Available
10,400.00 kJ/mol
9
7th Energy level
Not Available
12,800.00 kJ/mol
10
8th Energy Level
Not Available
15,600.00 kJ/mol
10
9th Energy Level
Not Available
18,600.00 kJ/mol
10
10th Energy Level
Not Available
21,670.00 kJ/mol
14
11th Energy Level
Not Available
30,970.00 kJ/mol
7
12th Energy Level
Not Available
34,000.00 kJ/mol
7
13th Energy Level
Not Available
37,100.00 kJ/mol
7
14th Energy Level
Not Available
41,500.00 kJ/mol
8
15th Energy Level
Not Available
44,800.00 kJ/mol
10
16th Energy Level
Not Available
48,100.00 kJ/mol
12
17th Energy Level
Not Available
55,101.00 kJ/mol
11
18th Energy Level
Not Available
58,570.00 kJ/mol
12
19th Energy Level
Not Available
148,700.00 kJ/mol
1
20th Energy Level
Not Available
159,000.00 kJ/mol
3
21st Energy Level
Not Available
169,400.00 kJ/mol
3
22nd Energy Level
Not Available
182,700.00 kJ/mol
2
23rd Energy Level
Not Available
194,000.00 kJ/mol
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
1.10 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
5.15 eV
2
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69
99+
28
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
69
99+
28
99+
Number of Neutrons
100
32
31
99+
Number of Electrons
69
99+
28
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
124.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm
30
124.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
163.00 pm
40
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu
99+
58.69 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol
28
6.59 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)
28
42.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm
40
352.40 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3
40
8.91 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3
24
7.81 g/cm3
29
Tensile Strength
Not Available
345.00 MPa
11
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)
10
0.00 (Pa)
31
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
19.50 (Pa)
6
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa
22
76.00 GPa
12
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa
26
180.00 GPa
9
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa
27
200.00 GPa
11
Poisson Ratio
0.21
31
0.31
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.32
31
8.90
33
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
Permeability
Not Available
0.00 H/m
2
Susceptibility
Not Available
600.00
2
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m
5
69.30 nΩ·m
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω
13
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
112.00 kJ/mol
6
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
0.44 J/(kg K)
13
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K
22
26.07 J/mol·K
31
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K
99+
90.90 W/m·K
18
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
13.40 µm/(m·K)
28
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
371.80 kJ/mol
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol
17
17.57 kJ/mol
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
422.60 kJ/mol
17
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K
9
29.90 J/mol.K
99+
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