Thulium Samarium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm
Sm
Group Number
Not Available
Not Available
Period Number
6
6
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440304
99+
7440199
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
R_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
166.00
6
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
- Samarium metals helps stimulating body metabolism.
- Samarium metals was 1st observed by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in Dydimia in 1853.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Discovery
In 1879
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %
30
5 * 10-7 %
19
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %
28
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
29
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
40
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
- Magnets of Samarium cobalt alloy are stronger than that of Iron and hence, they are used in microwave application.
- Samarium metal also used in optical lasers and infrared absorbing glasses and as a neutron absorber.
Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Unknown
Slightly Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C
23
1,072.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C
99+
1,900.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Lustrous
Hardness
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa
25
441.00 MPa
27
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa
21
412.00 MPa
24
Speed of Sound
Not Available
2,130.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm
Sm
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
30
9
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25
35
1.17
40
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.07
32
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75
19
2.83
14
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
544.50 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,070.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,260.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
3,990.00 kJ/mol
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
1.87 g/amp-hr
34
Electron Work Function
Not Available
2.70 eV
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69
99+
62
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[Xe] 4f6 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Samarium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
69
99+
62
99+
Number of Neutrons
100
32
88
39
Number of Electrons
69
99+
62
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
180.00 pm
14
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm
30
198.00 pm
13
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
229.00 pm
20
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu
99+
150.36 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol
28
19.95 cm3/mol
19
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)
28
44.80 (-eV)
37
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm
40
362.10 pm
33
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3
40
7.52 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3
24
7.16 g/cm3
32
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)
10
0.94 (Pa)
9
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa
22
19.50 GPa
34
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa
26
37.80 GPa
35
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa
27
49.70 GPa
37
Poisson Ratio
0.21
31
0.27
19
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.32
31
7.52
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m
5
0.94 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
0.20 J/(kg K)
31
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K
22
29.54 J/mol·K
7
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K
99+
13.30 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
12.70 µm/(m·K)
30
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
166.40 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol
17
8.62 kJ/mol
40
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
209.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K
9
69.60 J/mol.K
15
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