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Samarium vs Holmium

Samarium
Holmium
Holmium vs Samarium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sm  
Ho  
Group Number
3  
15
3  
15
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440199  
99+
7440600  
29
Space Group Name
R_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
166.00  
9
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Samarium metals helps stimulating body metabolism.
  • Samarium metals was 1st observed by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in Dydimia in 1853.
  
  • Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
  • Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran  
Marc Delafontaine  
Discovery
In 1879  
In 1878  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
29
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Magnets of Samarium cobalt alloy are stronger than that of Iron and hence, they are used in microwave application.
  • Samarium metal also used in optical lasers and infrared absorbing glasses and as a neutron absorber.
  
  • Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
  • Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors  
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Slightly Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,072.00 °C  
99+
1,461.00 °C  
30
Boiling Point
1,900.00 °C  
99+
2,600.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
441.00 MPa  
32
746.00 MPa  
14
Vickers Hardness
412.00 MPa  
40
481.00 MPa  
36
Speed of Sound
2,130.00 m/s  
99+
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.80  
22
1.67  
29
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Sm  
Ho  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30  
9
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.17  
99+
1.23  
38
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.17  
33
1.23  
30
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.10  
31
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.17  
40
1.23  
37
Allen Electronegativity
1.17  
99+
1.23  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.83  
14
2.77  
17
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,070.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,140.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,260.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,204.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,990.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,500.00 kJ/mol  
39
10th Energy Level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,450.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
40
15th Energy Level
54,450.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
54,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,445.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
624.00 kJ/mol  
99+
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
624.00 kJ/mol  
37
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
5,810.00 kJ/mol  
20
24th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
544.00 kJ/mol  
99+
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
544.50 kJ/mol  
99+
584.70 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
544.00 kJ/mol  
99+
581.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.87 g/amp-hr  
38
2.02 g/amp-hr  
33
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV  
99+
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
62  
99+
67  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f6 6s2  
[Xe] 4f11 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Samarium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Holmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
62  
99+
67  
99+
Number of Neutrons
88  
40
98  
35
Number of Electrons
62  
99+
67  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
176.00 pm  
20
Covalent Radius
198.00 pm  
13
192.00 pm  
17
Van der Waals Radius
229.00 pm  
25
216.00 pm  
30
Atomic Weight
150.36 amu  
99+
164.93 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
19.95 cm3/mol  
31
18.70 cm3/mol  
36
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Promethium
  
Dysprosium
  
Next Element
Europium
  
Erbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.80 (-eV)  
38
47.90 (-eV)  
32
Lattice Constant
362.10 pm  
37
357.73 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.62  
15
1.57  
40
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.52 g/cm3  
99+
8.79 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.16 g/cm3  
99+
8.34 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
270.00 MPa  
17
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.94 (Pa)  
9
0.00 (Pa)  
17
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
29
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.50 GPa  
99+
26.30 GPa  
35
Bulk Modulus
37.80 GPa  
99+
40.20 GPa  
37
Young's Modulus
49.70 GPa  
40
64.80 GPa  
33
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
19
0.23  
29
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.52  
99+
8.80  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
7
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
11
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.94 nΩ·m  
99+
814.00 nΩ·m  
4
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.20 J/(kg K)  
32
0.16 J/(kg K)  
36
Molar Heat Capacity
29.54 J/mol·K  
9
27.15 J/mol·K  
25
Thermal Conductivity
13.30 W/m·K  
99+
16.20 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,345.00 K  
99+
1,747.00 K  
34
Thermal Expansion
12.70 µm/(m·K)  
39
11.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
166.40 kJ/mol  
99+
241.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.62 kJ/mol  
99+
11.76 kJ/mol  
35
Enthalpy of Atomization
209.00 kJ/mol  
99+
301.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
69.60 J/mol.K  
15
75.30 J/mol.K  
8
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