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Holmium vs Samarium


Samarium vs Holmium


Periodic Table

Symbol
Ho   
Sm   

Group Number
Not Available   
Not Available   

Period Number
6   
6   

Block
f block   
f block   

Element Family
Lanthanide   
Lanthanide   

CAS Number
7440600   
29
7440199   
99+

Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
R_ 3m   

Space Group Number
194.00   
5
166.00   
6

Facts

Interesting Facts
  • Holmium metal is very soft and malleable.
  • Holmium metal is well known for its corrosion resistivity.
  
  • Samarium metals helps stimulating body metabolism.
  • Samarium metals was 1st observed by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in Dydimia in 1853.
  

Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   

History
  
  

Who Discovered
Marc Delafontaine   
Lecoq de Boisbaudran   

Discovery
In 1878   
In 1879   

Abundance
  
  

Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-8 %   
27
5 * 10-7 %   
19

Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0000001 %   
26

Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
37

Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
29

Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
40

Uses

Uses & Benefits
  • Holmium metal has an ability to absorb neutrons, so this metal is used in nuclear reactors to keep the chain reactions of elements under control.
  • Alloys of Holmium are used to produce Magnet.
  
  • Magnets of Samarium cobalt alloy are stronger than that of Iron and hence, they are used in microwave application.
  • Samarium metal also used in optical lasers and infrared absorbing glasses and as a neutron absorber.
  

Industrial Uses
NA   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   

Medical Uses
NA   
NA   

Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors   

Biological Properties
  
  

Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Slightly Toxic   

Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   

In Blood
Not Available   
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22

Physical Properties

Melting Point
1,461.00 °C   
30
1,072.00 °C   
99+

Boiling Point
2,600.00 °C   
99+
1,900.00 °C   
99+

Appearance
  
  

Physical State
Solid   
Solid   

Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   

Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   

Hardness
  
  

Brinell Hardness
746.00 MPa   
13
441.00 MPa   
27

Vickers Hardness
481.00 MPa   
23
412.00 MPa   
24

Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s   
30
2,130.00 m/s   
99+

Optical Properties
  
  

Allotropes
No   
No   

α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula
Ho   
Sm   

Isotopes
  
  

Known Isotopes
34   
5
30   
9

Electronegativity
  
  

Pauling Electronegativity
1.23   
37
1.17   
40

Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.10   
30
1.07   
32

Electropositivity
  
  

Pauling Electropositivity
2.77   
17
2.83   
14

Ionization Energies
  
  

1st Energy Level
581.00 kJ/mol   
99+
544.50 kJ/mol   
99+

2nd Energy Level
1,140.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,070.00 kJ/mol   
99+

3rd Energy Level
2,204.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,260.00 kJ/mol   
99+

4th Energy Level
4,100.00 kJ/mol   
34
3,990.00 kJ/mol   
37

Electrochemical Equivalent
2.02 g/amp-hr   
29
1.87 g/amp-hr   
34

Electron Work Function
Not Available   
2.70 eV   
99+

Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number
67   
99+
62   
99+

Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f11 6s2   
[Xe] 4f6 6s2   

Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Rhombohedral (RHO)   

Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Holmium.jpg#100   
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Samarium.jpg#100   

Atom
  
  

Number of Protons
67   
99+
62   
99+

Number of Neutrons
98   
34
88   
39

Number of Electrons
67   
99+
62   
99+

Radius of an Atom
  
  

Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
180.00 pm   
14

Covalent Radius
192.00 pm   
17
198.00 pm   
13

Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm   
24
229.00 pm   
20

Atomic Weight
164.93 amu   
99+
150.36 amu   
99+

Atomic Volume
18.70 cm3/mol   
24
19.95 cm3/mol   
19

Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  

Previous Element
Dysprosium
  
Promethium
  

Next Element
Erbium
  
Europium
  

Valence Electron Potential
47.90 (-eV)   
31
44.80 (-eV)   
37

Lattice Constant
357.73 pm   
38
362.10 pm   
33

Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   

Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
Not Available   

Mechanical Properties

Density
  
  

Density At Room Temperature
8.79 g/cm3   
99+
7.52 g/cm3   
99+

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.34 g/cm3   
26
7.16 g/cm3   
32

Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   

Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure
  
  

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
16
0.94 (Pa)   
9

Elasticity properties
  
  

Shear Modulus
26.30 GPa   
28
19.50 GPa   
34

Bulk Modulus
40.20 GPa   
32
37.80 GPa   
35

Young's Modulus
64.80 GPa   
31
49.70 GPa   
37

Poisson Ratio
0.23   
29
0.27   
19

Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Sectile   
NA   

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic Characteristics
  
  

Specific Gravity
8.80   
35
7.52   
99+

Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   

Electrical Properties
  
  

Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   

Resistivity
814.00 nΩ·m   
4
0.94 nΩ·m   
99+

Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+

Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
50.00 kJ/mol   
21

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
0.20 J/(kg K)   
31

Molar Heat Capacity
27.15 J/mol·K   
19
29.54 J/mol·K   
7

Thermal Conductivity
16.20 W/m·K   
99+
13.30 W/m·K   
99+

Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   

Thermal Expansion
11.20 µm/(m·K)   
35
12.70 µm/(m·K)   
30

Enthalpy
  
  

Enthalpy of Vaporization
241.00 kJ/mol   
38
166.40 kJ/mol   
99+

Enthalpy of Fusion
11.76 kJ/mol   
29
8.62 kJ/mol   
40

Enthalpy of Atomization
301.00 kJ/mol   
36
209.00 kJ/mol   
99+

Standard Molar Entropy
75.30 J/mol.K   
8
69.60 J/mol.K   
15

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