Thulium vs Rubidium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm
Rb
Group Number
Not Available
1
17
Period Number
6
5
Block
f block
s block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Alkali
CAS Number
7440304
99+
7440177
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
- Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
- Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Obtained from Lithium Production.
History
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Discovery
In 1879
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %
30
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %
28
~0.000003 %
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.01 %
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
7
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
7
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
- Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
- Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
Industrial Uses
NA
NA
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Unknown
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3
7
In Bone
Not Available
5.00 p.p.m.
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C
23
38.89 °C
99+
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C
99+
688.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Grayish White
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
0.30
24
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa
25
0.22 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa
21
Not Available
Speed of Sound
Not Available
1,300.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm
Rb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
29
10
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25
35
0.82
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
0.31
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
0.89
40
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
0.69
24
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
0.71
99+
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75
19
3.18
3
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
403.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,633.00 kJ/mol
6
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,860.00 kJ/mol
11
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
5,080.00 kJ/mol
18
5th Energy Level
Not Available
6,850.00 kJ/mol
19
6th Energy Level
Not Available
8,140.00 kJ/mol
20
7th Energy level
Not Available
9,570.00 kJ/mol
20
8th Energy Level
Not Available
13,120.00 kJ/mol
17
9th Energy Level
Not Available
14,500.00 kJ/mol
18
10th Energy Level
Not Available
26,740.00 kJ/mol
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
3.19 g/amp-hr
14
Electron Work Function
Not Available
2.16 eV
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69
99+
37
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[Kr] 5s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
69
99+
37
99+
Number of Neutrons
100
32
48
99+
Number of Electrons
69
99+
37
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
248.00 pm
2
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm
30
220.00 pm
4
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
303.00 pm
3
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu
99+
85.47 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol
28
55.90 cm3/mol
2
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)
28
9.47 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm
40
558.50 pm
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3
40
1.53 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3
24
1.46 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)
10
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa
22
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa
26
2.50 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa
27
2.40 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.21
31
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.32
31
1.53
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m
5
128.00 nΩ·m
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.08 106/cm Ω
24
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
46.90 kJ/mol
24
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
0.36 J/(kg K)
17
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K
22
31.06 J/mol·K
5
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K
99+
58.20 W/m·K
26
Critical Temperature
Not Available
2,093.00 K
4
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
90.00 µm/(m·K)
2
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
69.20 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol
17
2.19 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
82.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K
9
76.80 J/mol.K
5
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