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Thulium vs Rubidium

Thulium
Rubidium
Rubidium vs Thulium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm   
Rb   
Group Number
Not Available   
1   
17
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
f block   
s block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Alkali   
CAS Number
7440304   
99+
7440177   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Obtained from Lithium Production.   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve   
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff   
Discovery
In 1879   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %   
30
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %   
28
~0.000003 %   
17
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.01 %   
18
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
7
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
7
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Unknown   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3   
7
In Bone
Not Available   
5.00 p.p.m.   
13
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C   
23
38.89 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C   
99+
688.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Gray   
Grayish White   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
0.30   
24
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa   
25
0.22 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa   
21
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
1,300.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm   
Rb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25   
35
0.82   
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.31   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
0.89   
40
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.69   
24
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
0.71   
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75   
19
3.18   
3
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol   
99+
403.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,633.00 kJ/mol   
6
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,860.00 kJ/mol   
11
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
5,080.00 kJ/mol   
18
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,850.00 kJ/mol   
19
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,140.00 kJ/mol   
20
7th Energy level
Not Available   
9,570.00 kJ/mol   
20
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
13,120.00 kJ/mol   
17
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
14,500.00 kJ/mol   
18
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,740.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
26
3.19 g/amp-hr   
14
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
2.16 eV   
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69   
99+
37   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2   
[Kr] 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
69   
99+
37   
99+
Number of Neutrons
100   
32
48   
99+
Number of Electrons
69   
99+
37   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
248.00 pm   
2
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm   
30
220.00 pm   
4
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
303.00 pm   
3
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu   
99+
85.47 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol   
28
55.90 cm3/mol   
2
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Erbium
  
Gallium
  
Next Element
Ytterbium
  
Strontium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)   
28
9.47 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm   
40
558.50 pm   
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3   
40
1.53 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3   
24
1.46 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)   
10
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa   
22
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa   
26
2.50 GPa   
99+
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa   
27
2.40 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.21   
31
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
1.53   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m   
5
128.00 nΩ·m   
26
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.08 106/cm Ω   
24
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
46.90 kJ/mol   
24
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
0.36 J/(kg K)   
17
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K   
22
31.06 J/mol·K   
5
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K   
99+
58.20 W/m·K   
26
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
2,093.00 K   
4
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)   
29
90.00 µm/(m·K)   
2
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol   
99+
69.20 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol   
17
2.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol   
99+
82.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K   
9
76.80 J/mol.K   
5
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