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Thulium vs Ruthenium

Thulium
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Thulium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm  
Ru  
Group Number
3  
15
8  
10
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440304  
99+
7440188  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve  
Karl Ernst Claus  
Discovery
In 1879  
In 1844  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C  
23
2,250.00 °C  
8
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C  
99+
3,900.00 °C  
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.25  
16
6.50  
5
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa  
30
2,160.00 MPa  
3
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa  
33
1,160.00 MPa  
14
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
5,970.00 m/s  
7
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
2.60  
4
Reflectivity
35.00 %  
34
6.00 %  
38
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tm  
Ru  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25  
36
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.25  
28
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.25  
35
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.25  
99+
1.54  
28
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75  
19
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
8th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
11th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
14th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
35
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
16th Energy Level
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
36
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
17th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
19th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
20th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
21st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
23rd Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
25th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
26th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
27th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
28th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
29th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
30th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
30
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.40 eV  
99+
4.71 eV  
14
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
69  
99+
44  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2  
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100  
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
69  
99+
44  
99+
Number of Neutrons
100  
33
57  
99+
Number of Electrons
69  
99+
44  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm  
20
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm  
32
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
227.00 pm  
26
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu  
99+
101.07 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol  
40
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Erbium
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Ytterbium
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)  
29
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm  
99+
270.59 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
40
1.58  
33
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3  
99+
12.45 g/cm3  
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3  
99+
10.65 g/cm3  
37
Tensile Strength
69.00 MPa  
32
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
19
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)  
10
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa  
26
173.00 GPa  
4
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa  
30
220.00 GPa  
7
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa  
29
447.00 GPa  
3
Poisson Ratio
0.21  
32
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
12.45  
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m  
5
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)  
36
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K  
28
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K  
99+
117.00 W/m·K  
13
Critical Temperature
1,818.00 K  
27
2,607.00 K  
9
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol  
99+
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol  
17
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol  
99+
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K  
9
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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