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Tin
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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Sn
Au
1.2 Group Number
1411
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
56
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
p block
d block
1.5 Element Family
Post-​Transition
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74403157440575
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
I41/amd
Fm_ 3m
1.8 Space Group Number
141.00225.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • In the list of most abundant element Tin is ranked 49th.
  • Tin metal does not react with water as well as does not corrode in it.
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Unknown
Unknown
2.3.2 Discovery
Before 3500 BC
Before 6000 BCE
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %6 * 10-8 %
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000009 %~0.0000001 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
Palladium
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Tin-niobium alloy is used for producing superconducting magnets.
  • Tin salt known as a tin II chloride, it is used as a mordant and as a reducing agent for dyeing calico and silk.
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Food Industry
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
3.1.3 Other Uses
NA
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.38 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
1.40 p.p.m.0.02 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
231.90 °C1,064.43 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
2,270.00 °C2,807.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Gold
4.3.3 Luster
NA
Metallic
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
1.502.50
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
50.00 MPa194.00 MPa
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
NA216.00 MPa
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
2,730.00 m/s2,030.00 m/s
Thallium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
NA95.00 %
Molybdenum
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Grey Tin (alpha Tin, Tin Pest)
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
White Tin (Beta Tin)
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Rhombic Tin (gamma Tin)
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Sn
Au
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
3536
Tennessine
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.962.54
Francium
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
1.49NA
Cesium
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.721.42
Cesium
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.211.87
Cesium
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
1.821.92
Cesium
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.041.46
Palladium
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol890.10 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,411.80 kJ/mol1,980.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,943.00 kJ/molNA
Osmium
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
3,930.30 kJ/molNA
Thorium
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
7,456.00 kJ/molNA
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr2.45 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
4.42 eV5.10 eV
Cesium
2.14 5.65
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
5079
Lithium
3 117
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
6.3 Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
5079
Lithium
3 117
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
69118
Lithium
4 184
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
5079
Lithium
3 117
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
140.00 pm151.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
139.00 pm144.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
217.00 pm166.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
6.6 Atomic Weight
118.71 amu196.97 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
6.7 Atomic Volume
16.30 cm3/mol10.20 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
83.50 (-eV)43.40 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
583.18 pm407.82 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
NA1.61
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.37 g/cm319.30 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.99 g/cm317.31 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
NA120.00 MPa
Indium
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NA67.00 (Pa)
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa27.00 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
58.00 GPa180.00 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa79.00 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
0.360.40
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
7.3119.32
Lithium
0.53 4500
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
115.00 nΩ·m2.20 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.09 106/cm Ω0.45 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
107.30 kJ/mol222.80 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.13 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
27.11 J/mol·K25.42 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
66.80 W/m·K318.00 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
22.00 µm/(m·K)14.20 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
290.40 kJ/mol324.40 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
7.03 kJ/mol12.55 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
301.30 kJ/mol364.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
51.20 J/mol.K47.40 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1