Symbol
Yb
  
Er
  
Group Number
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Period Number
6
  
6
  
Block
f block
  
f block
  
Element Family
Lanthanide
  
Lanthanide
  
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
  
P63/mmc
  
Interesting Facts
- Ytterbium metal oxidizes rapidly if exposed to air.
- Ytterbium metal can dissolve quickly in Mineral acid.
  
- Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
- Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
Mining
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
  
Carl Gustaf Mosander
  
Discovery
In 1878
  
In 1842
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
  
26
~0.0000001 %
  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Uses & Benefits
- Ytterbium metal is used in memory devices and tuneable laser.
-
It is also used as industrial catalyst as the other catalysts are too toxic and polluting.
  
- It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
- Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
  
Chemical Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
  
Mildly Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
No
  
No
  
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C
  
28
Boiling Point
1,196.00 °C
  
99+
2,510.00 °C
  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silvery White
  
Silvery White
  
Luster
Metallic
  
Lustrous
  
Hardness
  
  
Speed of Sound
1,590.00 m/s
  
99+
2,830.00 m/s
  
28
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Yb
  
Er
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available
  
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
603.40 kJ/mol
  
99+
589.30 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,174.80 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,150.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,417.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
2,194.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,203.00 kJ/mol
  
31
4,120.00 kJ/mol
  
33
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.15 g/amp-hr
  
25
2.08 g/amp-hr
  
28
Electron Work Function
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 6s2
  
[Xe] 4f12 6s2
  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Ytterbium.jpg#100
  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
  
Atomic Weight
173.05 amu
  
99+
167.26 amu
  
99+
Atomic Volume
24.79 cm3/mol
  
9
18.40 cm3/mol
  
25
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
50.30 (-eV)
  
27
49.00 (-eV)
  
29
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.90 g/cm3
  
99+
9.07 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.21 g/cm3
  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
  
Malleable
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Conductor
  
Electrical Conductivity
0.04 106/cm Ω
  
38
0.01 106/cm Ω
  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
  
21
50.00 kJ/mol
  
21
Specific Heat
0.15 J/(kg K)
  
36
0.17 J/(kg K)
  
34
Molar Heat Capacity
26.74 J/mol·K
  
25
28.12 J/mol·K
  
11
Thermal Conductivity
38.50 W/m·K
  
35
14.50 W/m·K
  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
26.30 µm/(m·K)
  
14
12.20 µm/(m·K)
  
31
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
128.90 kJ/mol
  
99+
261.00 kJ/mol
  
35
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.66 kJ/mol
  
99+
17.20 kJ/mol
  
15
Enthalpy of Atomization
180.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
314.00 kJ/mol
  
33
Standard Molar Entropy
59.90 J/mol.K
  
21
73.10 J/mol.K
  
11