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Ytterbium vs Hafnium

Ytterbium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Ytterbium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Yb   
Hf   
Group Number
Not Available   
4   
14
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440644   
26
7440586   
30
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ytterbium metal oxidizes rapidly if exposed to air.
  • Ytterbium metal can dissolve quickly in Mineral acid.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
By-product Zirconium Refining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac   
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Discovery
In 1878   
In 1922   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
7 * 10-8 %   
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
36
0.00 %   
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
33
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
37
0.00 %   
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Ytterbium metal is used in memory devices and tuneable laser.
  • It is also used as industrial catalyst as the other catalysts are too toxic and polluting.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
824.00 °C   
99+
2,150.00 °C   
10
Boiling Point
1,196.00 °C   
99+
5,400.00 °C   
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
343.00 MPa   
31
1,450.00 MPa   
6
Vickers Hardness
206.00 MPa   
33
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Speed of Sound
1,590.00 m/s   
99+
3,010.00 m/s   
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Yb   
Hf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30   
9
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.06   
33
1.23   
25
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.16   
37
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available   
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
603.40 kJ/mol   
99+
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
2nd Energy Level
1,174.80 kJ/mol   
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,417.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,203.00 kJ/mol   
31
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.15 g/amp-hr   
25
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.90 eV   
27
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
70   
99+
72   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 6s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Ytterbium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
70   
99+
72   
99+
Number of Neutrons
103   
31
106   
29
Number of Electrons
70   
99+
72   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
159.00 pm   
28
Covalent Radius
187.00 pm   
20
175.00 pm   
23
Van der Waals Radius
242.00 pm   
12
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
173.05 amu   
99+
178.49 amu   
39
Atomic Volume
24.79 cm3/mol   
9
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thulium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Lutetium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
50.30 (-eV)   
27
81.00 (-eV)   
16
Lattice Constant
548.47 pm   
11
319.64 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.58   
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.90 g/cm3   
99+
13.31 g/cm3   
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.21 g/cm3   
99+
12.00 g/cm3   
12
Tensile Strength
58.00 MPa   
18
445.00 MPa   
8
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
9.90 GPa   
99+
30.00 GPa   
23
Bulk Modulus
30.50 GPa   
39
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
23.90 GPa   
99+
78.00 GPa   
25
Poisson Ratio
0.21   
33
0.37   
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.97   
99+
13.31   
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.25 nΩ·m   
99+
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.04 106/cm Ω   
38
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.15 J/(kg K)   
36
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
Molar Heat Capacity
26.74 J/mol·K   
25
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
Thermal Conductivity
38.50 W/m·K   
35
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
26.30 K   
7
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
26.30 µm/(m·K)   
14
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
128.90 kJ/mol   
99+
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.66 kJ/mol   
99+
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
180.00 kJ/mol   
99+
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
Standard Molar Entropy
59.90 J/mol.K   
21
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
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