Ytterbium vs Hafnium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Yb
Hf
Group Number
Not Available
4
14
Period Number
6
6
Block
f block
d block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440644
26
7440586
30
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00
2
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Ytterbium metal oxidizes rapidly if exposed to air.
- Ytterbium metal can dissolve quickly in Mineral acid.
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product Zirconium Refining
History
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Discovery
In 1878
In 1922
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
7 * 10-8 %
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
36
0.00 %
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
33
0.00 %
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
37
0.00 %
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Ytterbium metal is used in memory devices and tuneable laser.
- It is also used as industrial catalyst as the other catalysts are too toxic and polluting.
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
- It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
No
Physical Properties
Melting Point
824.00 °C
99+
2,150.00 °C
10
Boiling Point
1,196.00 °C
99+
5,400.00 °C
5
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
5.50
7
Brinell Hardness
343.00 MPa
31
1,450.00 MPa
6
Vickers Hardness
206.00 MPa
33
1,520.00 MPa
5
Speed of Sound
1,590.00 m/s
99+
3,010.00 m/s
27
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Yb
Hf
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
30
9
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available
1.30
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.06
33
1.23
25
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
1.16
37
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
603.40 kJ/mol
99+
658.50 kJ/mol
40
2nd Energy Level
1,174.80 kJ/mol
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,417.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,203.00 kJ/mol
31
3,216.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.15 g/amp-hr
25
1.66 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
3.90 eV
27
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
70
99+
72
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Ytterbium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
70
99+
72
99+
Number of Neutrons
103
31
106
29
Number of Electrons
70
99+
72
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
159.00 pm
28
Covalent Radius
187.00 pm
20
175.00 pm
23
Van der Waals Radius
242.00 pm
12
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
173.05 amu
99+
178.49 amu
39
Atomic Volume
24.79 cm3/mol
9
13.60 cm3/mol
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
50.30 (-eV)
27
81.00 (-eV)
16
Lattice Constant
548.47 pm
11
319.64 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.58
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
6.90 g/cm3
99+
13.31 g/cm3
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.21 g/cm3
99+
12.00 g/cm3
12
Tensile Strength
58.00 MPa
18
445.00 MPa
8
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
24
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
9.90 GPa
99+
30.00 GPa
23
Bulk Modulus
30.50 GPa
39
110.00 GPa
15
Young's Modulus
23.90 GPa
99+
78.00 GPa
25
Poisson Ratio
0.21
33
0.37
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.97
99+
13.31
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
0.25 nΩ·m
99+
331.00 nΩ·m
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.04 106/cm Ω
38
0.03 106/cm Ω
39
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.15 J/(kg K)
36
0.14 J/(kg K)
37
Molar Heat Capacity
26.74 J/mol·K
25
25.73 J/mol·K
36
Thermal Conductivity
38.50 W/m·K
35
23.00 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
26.30 K
7
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
26.30 µm/(m·K)
14
5.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
128.90 kJ/mol
99+
661.10 kJ/mol
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.66 kJ/mol
99+
25.10 kJ/mol
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
180.00 kJ/mol
99+
703.00 kJ/mol
5
Standard Molar Entropy
59.90 J/mol.K
21
43.60 J/mol.K
34
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