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Yttrium vs Chromium

Yttrium
Chromium
Chromium vs Yttrium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Y  
Cr  
Group Number
3  
15
6  
12
Period Number
5  
4  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440655  
25
7440473  
39
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
  • Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Johan Gadolin  
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Discovery
In 1794  
In Between 1797 - 1798  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
8
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
21
0.30 %  
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
22
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
  • It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
26
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
Physical
Melting Point
1,523.00 °C  
27
1,857.00 °C  
14
Boiling Point
3,337.00 °C  
22
2,672.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
8.50  
1
Brinell Hardness
589.00 MPa  
26
687.00 MPa  
18
Vickers Hardness
590.00 MPa  
29
1,060.00 MPa  
17
Speed of Sound
3,300.00 m/s  
34
5,940.00 m/s  
8
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
2.97  
2
Reflectivity
83.00 %  
6
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Y  
Cr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19  
20
21  
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.22  
39
1.66  
19
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.65  
99+
1.66  
17
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.56  
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.22  
38
1.66  
19
Allen Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
1.65  
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.78  
16
2.34  
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
2nd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
3rd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
4th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol  
19
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
5th Energy Level
7,430.00 kJ/mol  
22
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
6th Energy Level
8,970.00 kJ/mol  
23
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
7th Energy level
11,190.00 kJ/mol  
18
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8th Energy Level
12,450.00 kJ/mol  
18
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
9th Energy Level
14,110.00 kJ/mol  
19
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
10th Energy Level
18,400.00 kJ/mol  
17
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
11th Energy Level
19,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
12th Energy Level
36,090.00 kJ/mol  
25
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
13th Energy Level
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
14th Energy Level
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
33
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
15th Energy Level
60,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
16th Energy Level
60,000.00 kJ/mol  
34
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
17th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
18th Energy Level
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
19th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
20th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
21st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
22nd Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
23rd Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
25th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
26th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
27th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
28th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
29th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
30th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV  
99+
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
39  
99+
24  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d1 5s2  
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
39  
99+
24  
99+
Number of Neutrons
50  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Electrons
39  
99+
24  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm  
18
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
88.91 amu  
99+
52.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
19.80 cm3/mol  
33
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Strontium
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Zirconium
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
48.00 (-eV)  
31
170.00 (-eV)  
4
Lattice Constant
364.74 pm  
34
291.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
39
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.47 g/cm3  
99+
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.24 g/cm3  
99+
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
160.00 MPa  
22
689.00 MPa  
7
Viscosity
0.00  
18
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
34
0.00 (Pa)  
26
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
4.27 (Pa)  
10
774.00 (Pa)  
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
25.60 GPa  
37
115.00 GPa  
9
Bulk Modulus
41.20 GPa  
35
160.00 GPa  
11
Young's Modulus
63.50 GPa  
34
279.00 GPa  
8
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
26
0.21  
33
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.47  
99+
7.19  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Antiferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
18
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
10
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
596.00 nΩ·m  
8
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
Electron Affinity
29.60 kJ/mol  
36
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)  
18
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
Molar Heat Capacity
26.53 J/mol·K  
35
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
17.20 W/m·K  
99+
93.90 W/m·K  
17
Critical Temperature
1,799.00 K  
31
1,907.00 K  
24
Thermal Expansion
10.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
393.00 kJ/mol  
25
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.15 kJ/mol  
16
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
418.00 kJ/mol  
23
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
Standard Molar Entropy
44.40 J/mol.K  
99+
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
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