Symbol
Zn
V
Group Number
125
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
44
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
74406667440622
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00229.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
- Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Indian metallurgists
Andrés Manuel del Río
Discovery
Before 1000 BCE
In 1801
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.02 %0.01 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %0.02 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
- It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
- Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
-
Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
-
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
7.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
170.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
419.58 °C1,890.00 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
907.00 °C3,380.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Blue-Silver Grey
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.506.70
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
327.00 MPa600.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
207.00 MPa628.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
3,850.00 m/s4,560.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.002.05
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
80.00 %61.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Zn
V
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
2522
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.651.63
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.231.39
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.661.45
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.651.63
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.591.53
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.352.37
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol650.90 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,733.30 kJ/mol1,414.00 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
3,833.00 kJ/mol2,830.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
5,731.00 kJ/mol4,507.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
7,970.00 kJ/mol6,298.70 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol12,363.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
12,900.00 kJ/mol14,530.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
16,800.00 kJ/mol16,730.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
19,600.00 kJ/mol19,860.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
23,000.00 kJ/mol22,240.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
26,400.00 kJ/mol24,670.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
29,990.00 kJ/mol29,730.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
40,490.00 kJ/mol32,446.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
43,800.00 kJ/mol86,450.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
47,300.00 kJ/mol94,170.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
52,300.00 kJ/mol102,300.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
55,900.00 kJ/mol112,700.00 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
59,700.00 kJ/mol121,600.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
67,300.00 kJ/mol130,700.00 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
171,200.00 kJ/mol143,400.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
179,100.00 kJ/mol151,440.00 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
906.00 kJ/mol650.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol650.90 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol650.90 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol650.90 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol650.90 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol650.90 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol650.90 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol650.90 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol650.90 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.22 g/amp-hr0.38 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.33 eV4.30 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Number
3023
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2
[Ar] 3d3 4s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
3023
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
3528
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
3023
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm134.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm153.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
139.00 pm200.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
65.38 amu50.94 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
9.20 cm3/mol8.78 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
38.90 (-eV)120.00 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
266.49 pm303.00 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.861.70
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.14 g/cm36.00 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.57 g/cm35.50 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa800.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.23 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
43.00 GPa47.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
70.00 GPa160.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
108.00 GPa128.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.250.37
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
-
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.905.96
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
59.00 nΩ·m197.00 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.17 106/cm Ω0.05 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol50.60 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.39 J/(kg K)0.49 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
25.47 J/mol·K24.89 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
116.00 W/m·K30.70 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
692.00 K2,183.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
30.20 µm/(m·K)8.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
7.32 kJ/mol458.60 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.32 kJ/mol17.57 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
129.70 kJ/mol514.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K28.90 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻