Symbol
Al
Tl
Group Number
1313
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
36
2
7
👆🏻
Block
p block
p block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Post-Transition
CAS Number
74299057440280
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00194.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Aluminum’s abundance percentage is more as it is found in more than 260 minerals.
- Pure Aluminum always reacts with oxygen rapidly.
- It is a good conductor of heat and electricity and used in transmission lines.
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, Earth's crust, Mining
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Hans Christian Oersted
William Crookes
Discovery
In 1825
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.01 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.01 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.91 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
8.10 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Aluminum is used in a various products; for example, cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aero plane parts, automobile parts, etc.
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.39 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
27.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
660.37 °C303.50 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
2,467.00 °C1,457.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
-
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.751.20
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
160.00 MPa26.50 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
160.00 MPa120.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
5,000.00 m/s818.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.611.90
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
71.00 %8.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Al
Tl
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
1132
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.611.62
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.712.25
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.471.44
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.831.96
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.611.79
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.392.38
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,816.70 kJ/mol1,971.00 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,744.80 kJ/mol2,878.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
11,577.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
14,842.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
18,379.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
23,326.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
27,465.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
31,853.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
38,473.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
42,647.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
5,770.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
5,770.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
57,700.00 kJ/mol58,900.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol58,900.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
5,775.00 kJ/mol5,890.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
577.00 kJ/mol589.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
577.00 kJ/mol589.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol589.40 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.34 g/amp-hr7.63 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.28 eV3.84 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Number
1381
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s2 3p1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
1381
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
14123
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
1381
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
143.00 pm170.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
121.00 pm145.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
184.00 pm196.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
26.98 amu204.38 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
10.00 cm3/mol17.20 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
80.70 (-eV)9.60 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
404.95 pm345.66 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.581.60
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
2.70 g/cm311.85 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.38 g/cm311.22 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
40.00 MPa47.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)16.90 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
26.00 GPa2.80 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
76.00 GPa43.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
70.00 GPa8.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.350.45
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Sectile
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
2.7211.85
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
28.20 nΩ·m0.18 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.38 106/cm Ω0.06 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
42.50 kJ/mol19.20 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.90 J/(kg K)0.13 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
24.20 J/mol·K26.32 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
237.00 W/m·K46.10 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
933.00 K577.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
23.10 µm/(m·K)29.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
293.70 kJ/mol162.10 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.67 kJ/mol4.27 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
322.20 kJ/mol179.90 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
28.30 J/mol.K64.20 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻