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Aluminium vs Thulium

Aluminium
Thulium
Thulium vs Aluminium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Al   
Tm   
Group Number
13   
5
Not Available   
Period Number
3   
6   
Block
p block   
f block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7429905   
99+
7440304   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Aluminum’s abundance percentage is more as it is found in more than 260 minerals.
  • Pure Aluminum always reacts with oxygen rapidly.
  • It is a good conductor of heat and electricity and used in transmission lines.
  
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
Sources
By Electrolysis Process, Earth's crust, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Hans Christian Oersted   
Per Teodor Cleve   
Discovery
In 1825   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-3 %   
5
1 * 10-8 %   
30
Abundance In Sun
~0.006 %   
5
~0.00000002 %   
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.91 %   
5
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
8.10 %   
1
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
6
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
10
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Aluminum is used in a various products; for example, cans, foils, kitchen utensils, window frames, beer kegs and aero plane parts, automobile parts, etc.
  
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Unknown   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.39 Blood/mg dm-3   
9
Not Available   
In Bone
27.00 p.p.m.   
11
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
660.37 °C   
99+
1,545.00 °C   
23
Boiling Point
2,467.00 °C   
99+
1,730.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Gray   
Silvery Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.75   
13
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
160.00 MPa   
99+
471.00 MPa   
25
Vickers Hardness
160.00 MPa   
35
520.00 MPa   
21
Speed of Sound
5,000.00 m/s   
10
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
71.00 %   
10
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Al   
Tm   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
11   
27
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.61   
22
1.25   
35
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.71   
13
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.47   
14
1.11   
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.83   
8
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.61   
20
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.39   
32
2.75   
19
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
577.50 kJ/mol   
99+
596.70 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,816.70 kJ/mol   
19
1,160.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,744.80 kJ/mol   
38
2,285.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
11,577.00 kJ/mol   
3
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
5th Energy Level
14,842.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
18,379.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
7th Energy level
23,326.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
27,465.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
31,853.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
38,473.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
42,647.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.34 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr   
26
Electron Work Function
4.28 eV   
19
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
13   
99+
69   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ne] 3s2 3p1   
[Xe] 4f13 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Aluminium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
13   
99+
69   
99+
Number of Neutrons
14   
99+
100   
32
Number of Electrons
13   
99+
69   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
143.00 pm   
37
176.00 pm   
18
Covalent Radius
121.00 pm   
99+
160.00 pm   
30
Van der Waals Radius
184.00 pm   
34
Not Available   
Atomic Weight
26.98 amu   
99+
168.93 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
10.00 cm3/mol   
99+
18.10 cm3/mol   
28
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Magnesium
  
Erbium
  
Next Element
Potassium
  
Ytterbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
80.70 (-eV)   
17
49.70 (-eV)   
28
Lattice Constant
404.95 pm   
22
353.75 pm   
40
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.57   
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.70 g/cm3   
99+
9.32 g/cm3   
40
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.38 g/cm3   
99+
8.56 g/cm3   
24
Tensile Strength
40.00 MPa   
19
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
18
0.06 (Pa)   
10
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
26.00 GPa   
29
30.50 GPa   
22
Bulk Modulus
76.00 GPa   
18
44.50 GPa   
26
Young's Modulus
70.00 GPa   
28
74.00 GPa   
27
Poisson Ratio
0.35   
9
0.21   
31
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.72   
99+
9.32   
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Permeability
0.00 H/m   
4
Not Available   
Susceptibility
0.00   
3
Not Available   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
28.20 nΩ·m   
99+
676.00 nΩ·m   
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.38 106/cm Ω   
4
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
42.50 kJ/mol   
26
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.90 J/(kg K)   
5
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
Molar Heat Capacity
24.20 J/mol·K   
99+
27.03 J/mol·K   
22
Thermal Conductivity
237.00 W/m·K   
4
16.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
23.10 µm/(m·K)   
17
13.30 µm/(m·K)   
29
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
293.70 kJ/mol   
31
191.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.67 kJ/mol   
35
16.80 kJ/mol   
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
322.20 kJ/mol   
31
247.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.30 J/mol.K   
99+
74.00 J/mol.K   
9
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