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Thulium vs Polonium

Thulium
Polonium
Polonium vs Thulium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm  
Po  
Group Number
3  
15
16  
2
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
p block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440304  
99+
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In 1879  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
28
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C  
23
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C  
99+
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.25  
16
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa  
30
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa  
33
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
35.00 %  
34
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tm  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25  
36
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.25  
28
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.25  
35
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.25  
99+
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75  
19
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
35
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
36
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
30
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
2.40 eV  
99+
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
69  
99+
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
69  
99+
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
100  
33
125  
20
Number of Electrons
69  
99+
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm  
20
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm  
32
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
227.00 pm  
26
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu  
99+
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol  
40
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Erbium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Ytterbium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)  
29
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm  
99+
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
40
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3  
99+
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3  
99+
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
69.00 MPa  
32
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
19
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)  
10
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa  
26
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa  
30
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa  
29
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.21  
32
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m  
5
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)  
36
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K  
28
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K  
99+
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,818.00 K  
27
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol  
17
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol  
99+
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K  
9
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
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