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Barium vs Thorium

Barium
Thorium
Thorium vs Barium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ba  
Th  
Group Number
2  
16
0  
18
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
s block  
f block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440393  
99+
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Barium oxidizes very easily in the air.
  • All toxic compounds of Barium can easily dissolve in water.
  • Barium carbonate is used to produce a Rat poison and its other compound Barium nitrate is used in fireworks to produce green color.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Wilhelm Scheele  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1772  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
20
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.03 %  
11
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is sued in chemical paint manufacturing and glass manufacturing.
  • Compounds of this metal are toxic; but still the barium sulfate is insoluble and given to patients suffering from digestive disorder.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.07 Blood/mg dm-3  
15
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
70.00 p.p.m.  
9
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
725.00 °C  
99+
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
1,140.00 °C  
99+
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Silver  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.25  
20
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
130.00 MPa  
99+
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa  
99+
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
1,620.00 m/s  
99+
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.47  
38
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ba  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
37  
2
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.68  
99+
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.97  
39
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.88  
99+
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
0.88  
99+
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.11  
4
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
965.20 kJ/mol  
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,600.00 kJ/mol  
14
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
50,200.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
50,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,020.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
502.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
502.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
503.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
502.90 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
503.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.56 g/amp-hr  
24
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
2.70 eV  
99+
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
56  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 6s2  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
56  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
81  
99+
142  
16
Number of Electrons
56  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
222.00 pm  
5
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
215.00 pm  
5
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
268.00 pm  
8
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
137.33 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
39.24 cm3/mol  
6
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cesium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Lanthanum
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
21.30 (-eV)  
99+
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
502.80 pm  
17
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
99+
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
3.51 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
3.34 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
55.00 MPa  
37
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
2
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.11 (Pa)  
6
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
4.90 GPa  
99+
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
9.60 GPa  
99+
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.22  
31
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
3.62  
99+
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
332.00 nΩ·m  
13
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
13.95 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.20 J/(kg K)  
31
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
28.07 J/mol·K  
15
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
18.40 W/m·K  
99+
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
1,000.00 K  
99+
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
20.60 µm/(m·K)  
24
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
140.00 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.66 kJ/mol  
99+
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
175.70 kJ/mol  
99+
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
62.50 J/mol.K  
25
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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