Symbol
Bk
  
Sc
  
Group Number
Not Available
  
Period Number
7
  
4
  
Block
f block
  
d block
  
Element Family
Actinide
  
Transition Metal
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
P63/mmc
  
Interesting Facts
- X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.
  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
  
Lars Fredrik Nilson
  
Discovery
In 1949
  
In 1879
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
  
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
  
~0.000004 %
  
16
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
  
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
-
Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
NA
  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
NA
  
Other Uses
NA
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Unknown
  
Non Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
No
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
37
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
  
22
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
  
36
0.00 p.p.m.
  
34
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C
  
24
Boiling Point
2,627.00 °C
  
40
2,832.00 °C
  
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silver
  
Silvery White
  
Luster
Metallic
  
Lustrous
  
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Bk
  
Sc
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,152.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
2,388.60 kJ/mol
  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,434.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
7,090.60 kJ/mol
  
6
5th Energy Level
Not Available
  
8,843.00 kJ/mol
  
6
6th Energy Level
Not Available
  
10,679.00 kJ/mol
  
7
7th Energy level
Not Available
  
13,310.00 kJ/mol
  
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available
  
15,250.00 kJ/mol
  
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available
  
17,370.00 kJ/mol
  
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available
  
21,726.00 kJ/mol
  
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available
  
24,102.00 kJ/mol
  
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available
  
66,320.00 kJ/mol
  
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available
  
73,010.00 kJ/mol
  
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available
  
80,160.00 kJ/mol
  
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available
  
89,490.00 kJ/mol
  
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available
  
97,400.00 kJ/mol
  
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available
  
105,600.00 kJ/mol
  
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available
  
117,000.00 kJ/mol
  
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available
  
124,270.00 kJ/mol
  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.07 g/amp-hr
  
16
0.56 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
  
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f9 7s2
  
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100
  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Covalent Radius
Not Available
  
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
  
Atomic Volume
Not Available
  
15.00 cm3/mol
  
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
45.50 (-eV)
  
36
58.00 (-eV)
  
24
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
14.78 g/cm3
  
22
2.99 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.25 g/cm3
  
11
2.80 g/cm3
  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available
  
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
  
Young's Modulus
Not Available
  
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
  
NA
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Conductor
  
Resistivity
Not Available
  
562.00 nΩ·m
  
10
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available
  
0.02 10
6/cm Ω
  
99+
Electron Affinity
Not Available
  
18.10 kJ/mol
  
33
Specific Heat
Not Available
  
0.60 J/(kg K)
  
8
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available
  
25.52 J/mol·K
  
37
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K
  
99+
15.80 W/m·K
  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
Not Available
  
10.20 µm/(m·K)
  
39
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available
  
314.20 kJ/mol
  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
Not Available
  
14.10 kJ/mol
  
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available
  
343.00 kJ/mol
  
28
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available
  
34.60 J/mol.K
  
99+