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Berkelium vs Scandium

Berkelium
Scandium
Scandium vs Berkelium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bk   
Sc   
Group Number
Not Available   
3   
15
Period Number
7   
4   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440406   
99+
7440202   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Discovery
In 1949   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
3 * 10-6 %   
15
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
32
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
NA   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Unknown   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
986.00 °C   
99+
1,539.00 °C   
24
Boiling Point
2,627.00 °C   
40
2,832.00 °C   
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
750.00 MPa   
12
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Bk   
Sc   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
14   
25
13   
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.36   
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.02   
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.20   
27
Allen Electronegativity
2.70   
1
1.19   
36
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.64   
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol   
99+
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,152.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,434.00 kJ/mol   
99+
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
7th Energy level
Not Available   
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.07 g/amp-hr   
16
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
3.50 eV   
31
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
97   
21
21   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f9 7s2   
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
97   
21
21   
99+
Number of Neutrons
150   
11
24   
99+
Number of Electrons
97   
21
21   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
162.00 pm   
26
Covalent Radius
Not Available   
170.00 pm   
25
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
211.00 pm   
25
Atomic Weight
247.00 amu   
18
44.96 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
Not Available   
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Curium
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Californium
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
45.50 (-eV)   
36
58.00 (-eV)   
24
Lattice Constant
341.60 pm   
99+
330.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.59   
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
14.78 g/cm3   
22
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.25 g/cm3   
11
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
91.30 (Pa)   
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
29.10 GPa   
24
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
56.60 GPa   
21
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
74.40 GPa   
26
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.28   
18
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
14.00   
14
2.99   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
Not Available   
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
Not Available   
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K   
99+
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
Not Available   
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
Not Available   
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available   
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
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