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Berkelium vs Scandium

Berkelium
Scandium
Scandium vs Berkelium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bk  
Sc  
Group Number
14  
4
3  
15
Period Number
7  
4  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440406  
99+
7440202  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
Discovery
In 1949  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
32
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
Physical
Melting Point
986.00 °C  
99+
1,539.00 °C  
24
Boiling Point
2,627.00 °C  
99+
2,832.00 °C  
36
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
750.00 MPa  
13
Vickers Hardness
1,070.00 MPa  
16
1,200.00 MPa  
13
Speed of Sound
2,560.00 m/s  
99+
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.80  
21
Reflectivity
61.00 %  
22
93.00 %  
3
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Bk  
Sc  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
14  
25
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.36  
30
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.02  
40
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.36  
31
Allen Electronegativity
2.70  
1
1.19  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.64  
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,152.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,434.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
5th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
6th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
7th Energy level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
8th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
9th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
10th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
11th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
12th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
16
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
13th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
14th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
32
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
15th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
16th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
33
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
17th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
18th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
19th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
20th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
18
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
23rd Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
19
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
25th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
26th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
27th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
28th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.07 g/amp-hr  
19
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
3.50 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
97  
21
21  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f9 7s2  
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
97  
21
21  
99+
Number of Neutrons
150  
12
24  
99+
Number of Electrons
97  
21
21  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
162.00 pm  
28
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm  
27
170.00 pm  
27
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
211.00 pm  
32
Atomic Weight
247.00 amu  
18
44.96 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.39 cm3/mol  
99+
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Curium
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Californium
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
45.50 (-eV)  
37
58.00 (-eV)  
25
Lattice Constant
341.60 pm  
99+
330.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
38
1.59  
24
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
14.78 g/cm3  
23
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.25 g/cm3  
29
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
70.00 MPa  
31
150.00 MPa  
25
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
91.30 (Pa)  
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa  
34
29.10 GPa  
28
Bulk Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
56.60 GPa  
22
Young's Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
74.40 GPa  
28
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.28  
18
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
14.00  
25
2.99  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
13
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
7.60 nΩ·m  
99+
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
25
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
Molar Heat Capacity
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K  
99+
1,814.00 K  
28
Thermal Expansion
13.25 µm/(m·K)  
36
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
380.00 kJ/mol  
27
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.25 kJ/mol  
31
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Atomization
601.00 kJ/mol  
11
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
Standard Molar Entropy
52.00 J/mol.K  
37
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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