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Beryllium vs Ruthenium

Beryllium
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Beryllium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Be   
Ru   
Group Number
2   
16
8   
10
Period Number
2   
5   
Block
s block   
d block   
Element Family
Alkaline Earth   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440417   
99+
7440188   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
  • Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
  • It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Karl Ernst Claus   
Discovery
In 1797   
In 1844   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-7 %   
23
4 * 10-7 %   
20
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000001 %   
29
~0.0000005 %   
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
35
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
39
0.00 %   
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
19
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
  • Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Low Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
32
Not Available   
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
32
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,278.00 °C   
36
2,250.00 °C   
8
Boiling Point
2,970.00 °C   
32
3,900.00 °C   
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
White Gray   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50   
7
6.50   
5
Brinell Hardness
590.00 MPa   
21
2,160.00 MPa   
3
Vickers Hardness
1,670.00 MPa   
4
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
12,890.00 m/s   
2
5,970.00 m/s   
4
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Be   
Ru   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
9   
29
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.57   
24
2.20   
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.81   
12
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.47   
14
1.42   
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.54   
12
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.58   
23
1.54   
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.43   
30
1.80   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
899.50 kJ/mol   
7
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
2nd Energy Level
1,757.10 kJ/mol   
23
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
14,848.70 kJ/mol   
2
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
4th Energy Level
21,006.60 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.17 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV   
6
4.71 eV   
9
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
4   
99+
44   
99+
Electron Configuration
[He] 2s2   
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Beryllium.jpg#100   
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
4   
99+
44   
99+
Number of Neutrons
5   
99+
57   
99+
Number of Electrons
4   
99+
44   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
112.00 pm   
99+
134.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
96.00 pm   
99+
146.00 pm   
38
Van der Waals Radius
153.00 pm   
99+
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
9.01 amu   
99+
101.07 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
5.00 cm3/mol   
99+
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lithium
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Sodium
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
82.00 (-eV)   
15
64.00 (-eV)   
22
Lattice Constant
228.58 pm   
99+
270.59 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
18
1.58   
11
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.85 g/cm3   
99+
12.45 g/cm3   
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.69 g/cm3   
99+
10.65 g/cm3   
16
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
19
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
132.00 GPa   
7
173.00 GPa   
4
Bulk Modulus
130.00 GPa   
13
220.00 GPa   
7
Young's Modulus
287.00 GPa   
7
447.00 GPa   
3
Poisson Ratio
0.03   
35
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.85   
99+
12.45   
19
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
36.00 nΩ·m   
99+
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.31 106/cm Ω   
5
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
1.82 J/(kg K)   
2
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
Molar Heat Capacity
16.44 J/mol·K   
99+
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
200.00 W/m·K   
6
117.00 W/m·K   
13
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.30 µm/(m·K)   
34
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
294.70 kJ/mol   
30
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.72 kJ/mol   
30
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
326.40 kJ/mol   
30
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
Standard Molar Entropy
9.50 J/mol.K   
99+
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
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