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Beryllium vs Ruthenium

Beryllium
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Beryllium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Be  
Ru  
Group Number
2  
16
8  
10
Period Number
2  
5  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440417  
99+
7440188  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
  • Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
  • It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Karl Ernst Claus  
Discovery
In 1797  
In 1844  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
29
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
39
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
  • Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
35
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
37
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,278.00 °C  
36
2,250.00 °C  
8
Boiling Point
2,970.00 °C  
33
3,900.00 °C  
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
White Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
6.50  
5
Brinell Hardness
590.00 MPa  
25
2,160.00 MPa  
3
Vickers Hardness
1,670.00 MPa  
9
1,160.00 MPa  
14
Speed of Sound
12,890.00 m/s  
2
5,970.00 m/s  
7
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.56  
34
2.60  
4
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
6.00 %  
38
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Be  
Ru  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
9  
29
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.57  
25
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.81  
15
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.47  
15
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.54  
24
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.58  
26
1.54  
28
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.43  
30
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
899.50 kJ/mol  
7
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
2nd Energy Level
1,757.10 kJ/mol  
24
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
14,848.70 kJ/mol  
2
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
4th Energy Level
21,006.60 kJ/mol  
2
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6th Energy Level
1,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
8th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
11th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
29,700.00 kJ/mol  
35
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
14th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
89,900.00 kJ/mol  
5
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
16th Energy Level
89,900.00 kJ/mol  
8
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
17th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
14
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,995.00 kJ/mol  
13
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
19th Energy Level
899.50 kJ/mol  
22
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
20th Energy Level
899.00 kJ/mol  
12
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
21st Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
26
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
899.00 kJ/mol  
10
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
23rd Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
31
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
297.30 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
25th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
26th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
27th Energy Level
297.30 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
28th Energy Level
297.30 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
29th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
30th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.17 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV  
10
4.71 eV  
14
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
4  
99+
44  
99+
Electron Configuration
[He] 2s2  
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Beryllium.jpg#100  
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
4  
99+
44  
99+
Number of Neutrons
5  
99+
57  
99+
Number of Electrons
4  
99+
44  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
112.00 pm  
99+
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
96.00 pm  
99+
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
153.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
9.01 amu  
99+
101.07 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
5.00 cm3/mol  
99+
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lithium
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Sodium
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
82.00 (-eV)  
15
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
228.58 pm  
99+
270.59 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
99+
1.58  
33
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.85 g/cm3  
99+
12.45 g/cm3  
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.69 g/cm3  
99+
10.65 g/cm3  
37
Tensile Strength
287.00 MPa  
16
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
17
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
20
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
132.00 GPa  
7
173.00 GPa  
4
Bulk Modulus
130.00 GPa  
13
220.00 GPa  
7
Young's Modulus
287.00 GPa  
7
447.00 GPa  
3
Poisson Ratio
0.03  
36
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.85  
99+
12.45  
31
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
11
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
36.00 nΩ·m  
99+
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.31 106/cm Ω  
5
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
Thermal
Specific Heat
1.82 J/(kg K)  
2
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
Molar Heat Capacity
16.44 J/mol·K  
99+
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
200.00 W/m·K  
6
117.00 W/m·K  
13
Critical Temperature
1,551.00 K  
39
2,607.00 K  
9
Thermal Expansion
11.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
294.70 kJ/mol  
99+
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.72 kJ/mol  
36
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
326.40 kJ/mol  
40
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
Standard Molar Entropy
9.50 J/mol.K  
99+
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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