Beryllium vs Thulium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Be
Tm
Group Number
2
16
Not Available
Period Number
2
6
Block
s block
f block
Element Family
Alkaline Earth
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440417
99+
7440304
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
- Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
- It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Per Teodor Cleve
Discovery
In 1797
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-7 %
23
1 * 10-8 %
30
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000001 %
29
~0.00000002 %
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
35
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
39
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
19
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
- Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Unknown
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
32
Not Available
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
32
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,278.00 °C
36
1,545.00 °C
23
Boiling Point
2,970.00 °C
32
1,730.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
White Gray
Silvery Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.50
7
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
590.00 MPa
21
471.00 MPa
25
Vickers Hardness
1,670.00 MPa
4
520.00 MPa
21
Speed of Sound
12,890.00 m/s
2
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Be
Tm
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
9
29
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.57
24
1.25
35
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.81
12
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.47
14
1.11
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.54
12
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.58
23
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.43
30
2.75
19
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
899.50 kJ/mol
7
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,757.10 kJ/mol
23
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
14,848.70 kJ/mol
2
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
21,006.60 kJ/mol
2
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.17 g/amp-hr
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV
6
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
4
99+
69
99+
Electron Configuration
[He] 2s2
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Beryllium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
4
99+
69
99+
Number of Neutrons
5
99+
100
32
Number of Electrons
4
99+
69
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
112.00 pm
99+
176.00 pm
18
Covalent Radius
96.00 pm
99+
160.00 pm
30
Van der Waals Radius
153.00 pm
99+
Not Available
Atomic Weight
9.01 amu
99+
168.93 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
5.00 cm3/mol
99+
18.10 cm3/mol
28
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
82.00 (-eV)
15
49.70 (-eV)
28
Lattice Constant
228.58 pm
99+
353.75 pm
40
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
18
1.57
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
1.85 g/cm3
99+
9.32 g/cm3
40
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.69 g/cm3
99+
8.56 g/cm3
24
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
19
0.06 (Pa)
10
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
132.00 GPa
7
30.50 GPa
22
Bulk Modulus
130.00 GPa
13
44.50 GPa
26
Young's Modulus
287.00 GPa
7
74.00 GPa
27
Poisson Ratio
0.03
35
0.21
31
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
1.85
99+
9.32
31
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
36.00 nΩ·m
99+
676.00 nΩ·m
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.31 106/cm Ω
5
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
1.82 J/(kg K)
2
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
Molar Heat Capacity
16.44 J/mol·K
99+
27.03 J/mol·K
22
Thermal Conductivity
200.00 W/m·K
6
16.90 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.30 µm/(m·K)
34
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
294.70 kJ/mol
30
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.72 kJ/mol
30
16.80 kJ/mol
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
326.40 kJ/mol
30
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
9.50 J/mol.K
99+
74.00 J/mol.K
9
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