Symbol
Bi
Cr
Group Number
156
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
64
2
7
👆🏻
Block
p block
d block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
CAS Number
74406997440473
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
C12/m1
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
12.00229.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
- It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
- Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
- Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Claude François Geoffroy
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Discovery
In 1753
In Between 1797 - 1798
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.30 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.01 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
- It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
- It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
-
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.02 Blood/mg dm-30.11 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.20 p.p.m.0.33 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
271.30 °C1,857.00 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
1,560.00 °C2,672.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silver
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.258.50
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa687.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa1,060.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
1,790.00 m/s5,940.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
2.502.97
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
70.00 %70.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Bi
Cr
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
3321
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.021.66
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.341.66
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.671.56
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.151.66
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
2.011.65
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.982.34
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol26,130.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,610.00 kJ/mol28,750.00 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,466.00 kJ/mol34,230.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
4,370.00 kJ/mol37,066.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol97,510.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
8,520.00 kJ/mol105,800.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
7,030.00 kJ/mol114,300.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol125,300.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol134,700.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol144,300.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol26,130.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol28,750.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol34,230.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol37,066.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
70,300.00 kJ/mol97,510.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
70,300.00 kJ/mol105,800.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol114,300.00 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol125,300.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol134,700.00 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol144,300.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol157,700.00 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol166,090.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
7,030.00 kJ/mol653.80 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol653.80 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol653.80 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol653.80 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol652.90 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol653.80 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol653.80 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
703.00 kJ/mol653.80 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.60 g/amp-hr0.32 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV4.50 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Number
8324
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
[Ar] 3d5 4s1
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
8324
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
12628
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
8324
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
156.00 pm128.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
148.00 pm139.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
207.00 pm200.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
208.98 amu52.00 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
21.30 cm3/mol7.23 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
41.90 (-eV)170.00 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
667.40 pm291.00 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
-
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.861.86
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.78 g/cm37.19 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.05 g/cm36.30 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
32.00 MPa689.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)774.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
12.00 GPa115.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
31.00 GPa160.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
32.00 GPa279.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.330.21
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
-
-
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.797.19
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Antiferromagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
-
Resistivity
1.29 nΩ·m125.00 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.08 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
91.20 kJ/mol64.30 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.45 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K23.35 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
7.97 W/m·K93.90 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
544.00 K1,907.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)4.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
151.00 kJ/mol348.80 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.90 kJ/mol15.31 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
207.10 kJ/mol397.50 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
56.70 J/mol.K23.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻