1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74404397440508
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
2.2 Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
Unknown
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1817
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %6 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %~0.00007 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
-
Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-31.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.26.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
320.90 °C1,084.62 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
765.00 °C2,562.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray
Copper
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa235.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s3,810.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol745.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol1,957.90 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol3,555.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
NA5,536.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NA7,700.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NA9,900.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NA13,400.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NA16,000.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NA19,200.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NA22,400.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NA25,600.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NA35,600.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NA38,700.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NA42,000.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NA46,700.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NA50,200.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NA53,700.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NA61,100.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NA64,702.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NA163,700.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NA174,100.00 kJ/mol
87000
179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NA184,900.00 kJ/mol
93400
184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NA198,800.00 kJ/mol
98420
198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr1.19 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
151.00 pm128.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
144.00 pm132.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm140.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
112.41 amu63.55 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol7.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)34.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
297.94 pm361.49 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm38.96 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm38.02 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa48.00 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa140.00 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa120.00 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
8.1.3 Permeability
NA1.256629 * 10-6 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NA-9.63 * 10-6
-0.000166
200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m16.78 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.60 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol222.80 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.38 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K24.44 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K401.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)16.50 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol283.70 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol7.11 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol338.90 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K33.20 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1