Symbol
Cd
Cu
Group Number
1211
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
54
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
74404397440508
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00225.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
- Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
- Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
-
Discovery
In 1817
In Middle East (9000 BCE)
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.01 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.01 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
-
Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
- It is use for coinage and bullion.
- Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
-
-
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-31.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.26.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
320.90 °C1,084.62 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
765.00 °C2,562.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray
Copper
Luster
Metallic
-
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.003.00
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa235.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
90.00 MPa343.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s3,810.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.711.10
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
67.00 %90.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Cd
Cu
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
3429
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.691.90
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.981.98
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.461.75
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.531.49
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.521.85
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.312.10
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol745.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol1,957.90 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol3,555.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol5,536.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
4,040.00 kJ/mol7,700.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol9,900.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
8,640.00 kJ/mol13,400.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol16,000.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol19,200.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol22,400.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol25,600.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol35,600.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol38,700.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol42,000.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol46,700.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol50,200.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol53,700.00 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol61,100.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol64,702.00 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
865.00 kJ/mol163,700.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol174,100.00 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol184,900.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol198,800.00 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol745.50 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol745.50 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol745.50 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol745.50 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol745.50 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol745.50 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol745.50 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr1.19 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV4.65 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Number
4829
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
[Ar] 3d10 4s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
4829
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
6435
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
4829
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm128.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm132.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm140.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu63.55 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol7.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)34.00 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm361.49 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.891.28
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm38.96 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm38.02 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa210.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)1.53 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa48.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa140.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa120.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.300.34
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.658.89
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m16.78 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.60 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol222.80 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.38 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K24.44 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K401.00 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
594.00 K1,358.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)16.50 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol283.70 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol7.11 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol338.90 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K33.20 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻