1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Actinide
1.6 CAS Number
74404397440326
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
2.2 Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %3 * 10-4 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %~0.0004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.5.1 Abundance In Meteorites
3.1.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.4.2 Abundance In Oceans
3.4.3 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
-
Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.2.4 In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.0.02 p.p.m.
0
170000
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
320.90 °C1,750.00 °C
27
3410
5.2 Boiling Point
765.00 °C4,790.00 °C
147
5660
5.3 Appearance
5.3.1 Physical State
5.3.2 Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray
Silver
5.3.3 Luster
5.5 Hardness
5.5.2 Mohs Hardness
5.5.3 Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa390.00 MPa
0.14
3490
5.5.5 Vickers Hardness
5.6 Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s2,490.00 m/s
818
16200
5.7 Optical Properties
5.7.1 Refractive Index
5.8.1 Reflectivity
5.9 Allotropes
5.9.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.9.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.9.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6 Chemical
6.1 Chemical Formula
6.2 Isotopes
6.2.1 Known Isotopes
6.3 Electronegativity
6.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
6.4.1 Sanderson Electronegativity
6.4.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
6.6.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
6.6.2 Allen Electronegativity
6.8 Electropositivity
6.8.1 Pauling Electropositivity
6.9 Ionization Energies
6.9.1 1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
6.10.1 2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol1,110.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
6.11.1 3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol1,978.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
7.1.2 4th Energy Level
NA2,780.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
7.1.3 5th Energy Level
7.1.4 6th Energy Level
7.1.6 7th Energy level
7.1.7 8th Energy Level
7.1.8 9th Energy Level
7.1.9 10th Energy Level
7.2.1 11th Energy Level
7.2.2 12th Energy Level
7.2.3 13th Energy Level
7.3.1 14th Energy Level
7.3.2 15th Energy Level
7.4.2 16th Energy Level
7.4.3 17th Energy Level
7.4.4 18th Energy Level
7.4.6 19th Energy Level
7.4.7 20th Energy Level
7.5.2 21st Energy Level
7.5.3 22nd Energy Level
7.5.4 23rd Energy Level
7.5.5 24th Energy Level
7.5.6 25th Energy Level
7.5.8 26th Energy Level
7.5.9 27th Energy Level
7.5.10 28th Energy Level
7.5.11 29th Energy Level
7.5.13 30th Energy Level
7.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr2.16 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
7.7 Electron Work Function
7.9 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
8 Atomic
8.1 Atomic Number
8.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
8.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
8.3.1 Crystal Lattice
8.4 Atom
8.4.1 Number of Protons
9.1.2 Number of Neutrons
9.1.3 Number of Electrons
9.2 Radius of an Atom
9.2.1 Atomic Radius
151.00 pm179.80 pm
112
265
9.2.3 Covalent Radius
144.00 pm206.00 pm
96
260
9.2.4 Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm237.00 pm
139
348
9.3 Atomic Weight
112.41 amu232.04 amu
6.94
294
9.5 Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
9.6 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
9.6.1 Previous Element
9.6.2 Next Element
9.7 Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)59.30 (-eV)
8
392.42
9.8 Lattice Constant
297.94 pm508.42 pm
228.58
891.25
9.9 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
9.10 Lattice C/A Ratio
10 Mechanical
10.1 Density
10.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm311.72 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
10.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.2 Tensile Strength
10.3 Viscosity
10.4 Vapor Pressure
10.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
11.1.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
11.2 Elasticity properties
11.2.1 Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa31.00 GPa
1.3
222
11.3.1 Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa54.00 GPa
1.6
462
11.3.2 Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa79.00 GPa
1.7
528
11.5 Poisson Ratio
11.6 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
12.1.3 Permeability
12.2.1 Susceptibility
12.3 Electrical Properties
12.3.1 Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Superconductor
12.3.2 Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m157.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
12.3.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
12.4.1 Electron Affinity
13 Thermal
13.1 Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
13.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K26.23 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
13.4 Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K54.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
13.5 Critical Temperature
13.6 Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)11.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
13.7 Enthalpy
13.7.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
13.7.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
13.7.4 Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
13.8 Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1