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Cadmium
Cadmium

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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Cd
Au
1.3 Group Number
1211
Gadolinium
0 17
1.5 Period Number
56
Lithium
2 7
1.7 Block
d block
d block
1.8 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.9 CAS Number
74404397440575
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.10 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
1.11 Space Group Number
194.00225.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
2.2 Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
Unknown
2.3.3 Discovery
In 1817
Before 6000 BCE
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %6 * 10-8 %
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %~0.0000001 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
Palladium
1.7E-07 22
2.4.8 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.9.1 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.9.3 Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
Radium
1E-13 1.4
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
4.3.1 In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.0.02 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
320.90 °C1,064.43 °C
Francium
27 3410
6.2 Boiling Point
765.00 °C2,807.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
6.6 Appearance
6.6.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
6.6.2 Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray
Gold
6.6.3 Luster
Metallic
Metallic
6.7 Hardness
6.7.1 Mohs Hardness
2.002.50
Cesium
0.2 8.5
7.2.4 Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa194.00 MPa
Cesium
0.14 3490
7.2.7 Vickers Hardness
NA216.00 MPa
Palladium
121 3430
8.2 Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s2,030.00 m/s
Thallium
818 16200
8.5 Optical Properties
8.5.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
8.5.3 Reflectivity
67.00 %95.00 %
Molybdenum
58 97
8.8 Allotropes
8.8.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.8.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.8.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9 Chemical
9.1 Chemical Formula
Cd
Au
9.2 Isotopes
9.2.1 Known Isotopes
3436
Tennessine
0 38
9.4 Electronegativity
9.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.692.54
Francium
0.7 2.54
9.5.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98NA
Cesium
0.22 2.56
9.8.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.461.42
Cesium
0.86 1.82
9.9.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.531.87
Cesium
0.62 2.48
10.1.2 Allen Electronegativity
1.521.92
Cesium
0.659 2.7
11.3 Electropositivity
11.3.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.311.46
Palladium
1.46 3.3
11.5 Ionization Energies
11.5.1 1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol890.10 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
11.6.2 2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol1,980.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
11.7.1 3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/molNA
Osmium
1600 34230
11.8.3 4th Energy Level
NANA
Thorium
2780 37066
11.8.6 5th Energy Level
NANA
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
11.9.2 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
11.10.3 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
11.11.2 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
11.11.5 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
14110 134700
11.12.1 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium
17100 144300
12.1.2 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
12.1.6 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
12.1.9 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
12.2.4 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
12.2.8 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
12.2.11 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
12.2.12 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
13.1.1 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
13.2.1 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
13.3.1 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
13.3.3 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
13.4.2 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
13.5.1 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
13.5.3 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
13.6.2 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
13.6.4 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
13.6.6 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
13.6.8 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
13.6.11 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
13.6.13 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
13.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr2.45 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
13.9 Electron Work Function
4.22 eV5.10 eV
Cesium
2.14 5.65
13.10 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
14 Atomic
14.1 Atomic Number
4879
Lithium
3 117
14.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
14.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
14.3.1 Crystal Lattice
14.4 Atom
14.4.1 Number of Protons
4879
Lithium
3 117
14.4.3 Number of Neutrons
64118
Lithium
4 184
14.5.1 Number of Electrons
4879
Lithium
3 117
14.7 Radius of an Atom
14.7.1 Atomic Radius
151.00 pm151.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
15.1.1 Covalent Radius
144.00 pm144.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
15.4.2 Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm166.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
15.5 Atomic Weight
112.41 amu196.97 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
15.6 Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol10.20 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
15.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
15.8.1 Previous Element
15.8.2 Next Element
15.9 Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)43.40 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
15.10 Lattice Constant
297.94 pm407.82 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
15.12 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
15.13 Lattice C/A Ratio
1.891.61
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
16 Mechanical
16.1 Density
16.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm319.30 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
16.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm317.31 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
16.5 Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa120.00 MPa
Indium
2.5 11000
16.7 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
16.10 Vapor Pressure
16.10.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NA0.00 (Pa)
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
17.1.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NA67.00 (Pa)
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
17.2 Elasticity properties
17.2.1 Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa27.00 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
17.2.3 Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa180.00 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
17.4.1 Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa79.00 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
1.3 Poisson Ratio
0.300.40
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
1.4 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
2 Magnetic
2.1 Magnetic Characteristics
2.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.6519.32
Lithium
0.53 4500
2.2.3 Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
2.2.4 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
2.2.6 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
2.4 Electrical Properties
2.4.1 Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
2.4.2 Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m2.20 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
3.1.5 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.45 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
3.2.3 Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol222.80 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
4 Thermal
4.1 Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.13 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
4.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K25.42 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
2.2 Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K318.00 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
2.5 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
2.10 Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)14.20 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
2.14 Enthalpy
2.14.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol324.40 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
3.5.1 Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol12.55 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
3.6.2 Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol364.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
1.3 Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K47.40 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1