1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.3 Group Number
1.5 Period Number
1.7 Block
1.8 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.9 CAS Number
74404397440575
7429905
54386242
1.10 Space Group Name
1.11 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
2.2 Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
Unknown
2.3.3 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %6 * 10-8 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %~0.0000001 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.8 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.9.1 Abundance In Oceans
2.9.3 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
-
Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.3.1 In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.0.02 p.p.m.
0
170000
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
320.90 °C1,064.43 °C
27
3410
6.2 Boiling Point
765.00 °C2,807.00 °C
147
5660
6.6 Appearance
6.6.1 Physical State
6.6.2 Color
6.6.3 Luster
6.7 Hardness
6.7.1 Mohs Hardness
7.2.4 Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa194.00 MPa
0.14
3490
7.2.7 Vickers Hardness
8.2 Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s2,030.00 m/s
818
16200
8.5 Optical Properties
8.5.1 Refractive Index
8.5.3 Reflectivity
8.8 Allotropes
8.8.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.8.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8.8.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9 Chemical
9.1 Chemical Formula
9.2 Isotopes
9.2.1 Known Isotopes
9.4 Electronegativity
9.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
9.5.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
9.8.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
9.9.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
10.1.2 Allen Electronegativity
11.3 Electropositivity
11.3.1 Pauling Electropositivity
11.5 Ionization Energies
11.5.1 1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol890.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
11.6.2 2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol1,980.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
11.7.1 3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/molNA
1600
34230
11.8.3 4th Energy Level
11.8.6 5th Energy Level
11.9.2 6th Energy Level
11.10.3 7th Energy level
11.11.2 8th Energy Level
11.11.5 9th Energy Level
11.12.1 10th Energy Level
12.1.2 11th Energy Level
12.1.6 12th Energy Level
12.1.9 13th Energy Level
12.2.4 14th Energy Level
12.2.8 15th Energy Level
12.2.11 16th Energy Level
12.2.12 17th Energy Level
13.1.1 18th Energy Level
13.2.1 19th Energy Level
13.3.1 20th Energy Level
13.3.3 21st Energy Level
13.4.2 22nd Energy Level
13.5.1 23rd Energy Level
13.5.3 24th Energy Level
13.6.2 25th Energy Level
13.6.4 26th Energy Level
13.6.6 27th Energy Level
13.6.8 28th Energy Level
13.6.11 29th Energy Level
13.6.13 30th Energy Level
13.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr2.45 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
13.9 Electron Work Function
13.10 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
14 Atomic
14.1 Atomic Number
14.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
14.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
14.3.1 Crystal Lattice
14.4 Atom
14.4.1 Number of Protons
14.4.3 Number of Neutrons
14.5.1 Number of Electrons
14.7 Radius of an Atom
14.7.1 Atomic Radius
151.00 pm151.00 pm
112
265
15.1.1 Covalent Radius
144.00 pm144.00 pm
96
260
15.4.2 Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm166.00 pm
139
348
15.5 Atomic Weight
112.41 amu196.97 amu
6.94
294
15.6 Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol10.20 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
15.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
15.8.1 Previous Element
15.8.2 Next Element
15.9 Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)43.40 (-eV)
8
392.42
15.10 Lattice Constant
297.94 pm407.82 pm
228.58
891.25
15.12 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
15.13 Lattice C/A Ratio
16 Mechanical
16.1 Density
16.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm319.30 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
16.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm317.31 g/cm3
0.512
20
16.5 Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa120.00 MPa
2.5
11000
16.7 Viscosity
16.10 Vapor Pressure
16.10.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
17.1.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NA67.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
17.2 Elasticity properties
17.2.1 Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa27.00 GPa
1.3
222
17.2.3 Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa180.00 GPa
1.6
462
17.4.1 Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa79.00 GPa
1.7
528
1.3 Poisson Ratio
1.4 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
2 Magnetic
2.1 Magnetic Characteristics
2.1.1 Specific Gravity
2.2.3 Magnetic Ordering
2.2.4 Permeability
2.2.6 Susceptibility
2.4 Electrical Properties
2.4.1 Electrical Property
2.4.2 Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m2.20 nΩ·m
0.18
961
3.1.5 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.45 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
3.2.3 Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol222.80 kJ/mol
0
222.8
4 Thermal
4.1 Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.13 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
4.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K25.42 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
2.2 Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K318.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
2.5 Critical Temperature
2.10 Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)14.20 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
2.14 Enthalpy
2.14.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol324.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
3.5.1 Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol12.55 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
3.6.2 Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol364.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
1.3 Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K47.40 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1