1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.4 Period Number
1.5 Block
1.6 Element Family
Alkaline Earth
Lanthanide
1.7 CAS Number
74407027440451
7429905
54386242
1.8 Space Group Name
1.9 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
- It is found in the compound state.
- Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
2.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Humphry Davy
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-3 %1 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.007 %~0.0000004 %
1E-08
0.1
3.2.2 Abundance In Meteorites
3.2.5 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.2.7 Abundance In Oceans
4.1.1 Abundance In Humans
5 Uses
5.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
- Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
5.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Chemical Industry
5.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Medical Research
5.1.3 Other Uses
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity
Non Toxic
Moderately Toxic
5.2.2 Present in Human Body
5.2.3 In Blood
60.50 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
5.3.1 In Bone
170,000.00 p.p.m.2.70 p.p.m.
0
170000
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
839.00 °C795.00 °C
27
3410
6.2 Boiling Point
1,484.00 °C3,257.00 °C
147
5660
6.3 Appearance
6.3.1 Physical State
6.3.2 Color
6.3.3 Luster
6.4 Hardness
6.4.1 Mohs Hardness
6.5.1 Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa186.00 MPa
0.14
3490
6.6.2 Vickers Hardness
6.7 Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s2,100.00 m/s
818
16200
7.4 Optical Properties
7.4.1 Refractive Index
7.4.3 Reflectivity
7.5 Allotropes
7.5.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.5.3 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.5.4 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.3 Electronegativity
8.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.4.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.4.3 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.5.2 Allen Electronegativity
8.6 Electropositivity
8.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.7 Ionization Energies
8.7.1 1st Energy Level
589.80 kJ/mol534.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.7.3 2nd Energy Level
1,145.40 kJ/mol1,050.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.7.5 3rd Energy Level
4,912.40 kJ/mol1,949.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
8.7.7 4th Energy Level
6,491.00 kJ/mol3,547.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
8.7.8 5th Energy Level
8,153.00 kJ/mol6,325.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
8.7.10 6th Energy Level
10,496.00 kJ/mol7,490.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
8.7.12 7th Energy level
12,270.00 kJ/molNA
7226.8
114300
8.7.14 8th Energy Level
14,206.00 kJ/molNA
8857.4
125300
8.7.16 9th Energy Level
18,191.00 kJ/molNA
14110
134700
8.7.17 10th Energy Level
20,385.00 kJ/molNA
17100
144300
8.7.19 11th Energy Level
57,110.00 kJ/molNA
19900
169988
8.7.21 12th Energy Level
63,410.00 kJ/molNA
22219
189368
8.7.23 13th Energy Level
70,110.00 kJ/molNA
26930
76015
8.7.24 14th Energy Level
78,890.00 kJ/molNA
29196
86450
8.7.26 15th Energy Level
86,310.00 kJ/molNA
41987
97510
8.7.28 16th Energy Level
94,000.00 kJ/molNA
47206
109480
8.7.30 17th Energy Level
104,900.00 kJ/molNA
52737
122200
8.7.32 18th Energy Level
111,711.00 kJ/molNA
58570
134810
8.7.34 19th Energy Level
8.7.36 20th Energy Level
8.7.38 21st Energy Level
8.7.40 22nd Energy Level
8.7.42 23rd Energy Level
8.7.44 24th Energy Level
8.7.45 25th Energy Level
8.7.47 26th Energy Level
8.7.49 27th Energy Level
8.7.51 28th Energy Level
8.7.53 29th Energy Level
8.7.55 30th Energy Level
8.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.75 g/amp-hr1.74 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
8.10 Electron Work Function
8.11 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
9 Atomic
9.1 Atomic Number
9.3 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s2
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
9.4 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
9.4.1 Crystal Lattice
9.5 Atom
9.5.1 Number of Protons
10.1.1 Number of Neutrons
10.4.2 Number of Electrons
10.5 Radius of an Atom
10.5.1 Atomic Radius
197.00 pm181.80 pm
112
265
10.5.2 Covalent Radius
176.00 pm204.00 pm
96
260
10.5.4 Van der Waals Radius
231.00 pm235.00 pm
139
348
10.7 Atomic Weight
40.08 amu140.12 amu
6.94
294
10.8 Atomic Volume
29.90 cm3/mol20.67 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.9 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.9.1 Previous Element
10.9.2 Next Element
10.10 Valence Electron Potential
29.00 (-eV)41.78 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.12 Lattice Constant
558.84 pm362.00 pm
228.58
891.25
10.13 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
10.14 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
1.55 g/cm36.77 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
11.3.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.38 g/cm36.55 g/cm3
0.512
20
11.5 Tensile Strength
11.6 Viscosity
11.9 Vapor Pressure
11.9.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
25.50 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
12.1.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
12.2 Elasticity properties
12.2.1 Shear Modulus
7.40 GPa13.50 GPa
1.3
222
12.3.1 Bulk Modulus
17.00 GPa21.50 GPa
1.6
462
12.4.1 Young's Modulus
20.00 GPa33.60 GPa
1.7
528
12.6 Poisson Ratio
12.8 Other Mechanical Properties
13 Magnetic
13.1 Magnetic Characteristics
13.1.1 Specific Gravity
13.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
13.1.3 Permeability
13.1.5 Susceptibility
13.2 Electrical Properties
13.2.1 Electrical Property
13.2.2 Resistivity
33.60 nΩ·m828.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
13.3.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.30 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
14.1.2 Electron Affinity
2.37 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
15 Thermal
15.1 Specific Heat
0.63 J/(kg K)0.19 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
15.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.93 J/mol·K26.94 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
15.4 Thermal Conductivity
201.00 W/m·K11.30 W/m·K
6.3
429
15.5 Critical Temperature
15.6 Thermal Expansion
22.30 µm/(m·K)6.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
15.7 Enthalpy
15.7.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol414.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
15.7.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
8.54 kJ/mol5.46 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
16.2.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
184.00 kJ/mol381.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
16.4 Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K72.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1