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Calcium
Calcium

Cerium
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Calcium vs Cerium

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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Ca
Ce
1.2 Group Number
2NA
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
46
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
s block
f block
1.5 Element Family
Alkaline Earth
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74407027440451
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
1.8 Space Group Number
225.00194.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
2.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Humphry Davy
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1808
In 1803
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-3 %1 * 10-6 %
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.007 %~0.0000004 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
1.10 %0.00 %
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.00 %0.01 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
1.40 %NA
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Medical Research
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Non Toxic
Moderately Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
60.50 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
170,000.00 p.p.m.2.70 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
839.00 °C795.00 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
1,484.00 °C3,257.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Gray
Silvery White
4.3.3 Luster
NA
Lustrous
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
1.752.50
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa186.00 MPa
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
NA210.00 MPa
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s2,100.00 m/s
Thallium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Ca
Ce
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
1930
Tennessine
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.001.12
Francium
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
0.95NA
Cesium
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.041.08
Cesium
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.08NA
Cesium
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
1.03NA
Cesium
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
3.002.88
Gold
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
589.80 kJ/mol534.40 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,145.40 kJ/mol1,050.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
4,912.40 kJ/mol1,949.00 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
6,491.00 kJ/mol3,547.00 kJ/mol
Thorium
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
8,153.00 kJ/mol6,325.00 kJ/mol
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
10,496.00 kJ/mol7,490.00 kJ/mol
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
12,270.00 kJ/molNA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
14,206.00 kJ/molNA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
18,191.00 kJ/molNA
Yttrium
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
20,385.00 kJ/molNA
Strontium
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
57,110.00 kJ/molNA
Yttrium
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
63,410.00 kJ/molNA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
70,110.00 kJ/molNA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
78,890.00 kJ/molNA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
86,310.00 kJ/molNA
Manganese
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
94,000.00 kJ/molNA
Iron
47206 109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
104,900.00 kJ/molNA
Cobalt
52737 122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
111,711.00 kJ/molNA
Nickel
58570 134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
1.2 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.75 g/amp-hr1.74 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
1.4 Electron Work Function
2.87 eV2.84 eV
Cesium
2.14 5.65
1.5 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
2 Atomic
2.1 Atomic Number
2058
Lithium
3 117
2.3 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s2
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
2.4 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
2.4.1 Crystal Lattice
2.5 Atom
2.5.1 Number of Protons
2058
Lithium
3 117
2.6.1 Number of Neutrons
2082
Lithium
4 184
2.6.2 Number of Electrons
2058
Lithium
3 117
2.8 Radius of an Atom
2.8.1 Atomic Radius
197.00 pm181.80 pm
Beryllium
112 265
2.8.2 Covalent Radius
176.00 pm204.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
2.8.3 Van der Waals Radius
231.00 pm235.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
2.10 Atomic Weight
40.08 amu140.12 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
2.11 Atomic Volume
29.90 cm3/mol20.67 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
2.12 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
2.12.1 Previous Element
2.12.2 Next Element
2.13 Valence Electron Potential
29.00 (-eV)41.78 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
2.14 Lattice Constant
558.84 pm362.00 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
2.15 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
2.16 Lattice C/A Ratio
NANA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
3 Mechanical
3.1 Density
3.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
1.55 g/cm36.77 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
3.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.38 g/cm36.55 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
3.3 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium
2.5 11000
3.4 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
3.5 Vapor Pressure
3.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
25.50 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
Palladium
2.47E-11 121
3.5.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NA1.04 (Pa)
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
3.6 Elasticity properties
3.6.1 Shear Modulus
7.40 GPa13.50 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
3.6.2 Bulk Modulus
17.00 GPa21.50 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
3.6.3 Young's Modulus
20.00 GPa33.60 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
3.7 Poisson Ratio
0.310.24
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
3.8 Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
4 Magnetic
4.1 Magnetic Characteristics
4.1.1 Specific Gravity
4.586.77
Lithium
0.53 4500
4.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
4.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
4.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
4.2 Electrical Properties
4.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
4.2.2 Resistivity
33.60 nΩ·m828.00 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
4.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.30 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
4.2.4 Electron Affinity
2.37 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
5 Thermal
5.1 Specific Heat
0.63 J/(kg K)0.19 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
5.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.93 J/mol·K26.94 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
5.3 Thermal Conductivity
201.00 W/m·K11.30 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
5.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
5.5 Thermal Expansion
22.30 µm/(m·K)6.30 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
5.6 Enthalpy
5.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol414.00 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
5.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
8.54 kJ/mol5.46 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
5.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
184.00 kJ/mol381.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
5.7 Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K72.00 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1