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Cerium
Cerium

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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Ce
Pb
1.2 Group Number
NA14
Gadolinium
0 17
1.5 Period Number
66
Lithium
2 7
1.6 Block
f block
p block
1.7 Element Family
Lanthanide
Post-​Transition
1.8 CAS Number
74404517439921
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.9 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
1.10 Space Group Number
194.00225.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
Unknown
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1803
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %1 * 10-6 %
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.5.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %~0.000001 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
3.2.2 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
Gold
1.7E-07 22
3.3.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %0.00 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
3.3.4 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
3.3.6 Abundance In Humans
NA0.00 %
Radium
1E-13 1.4
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
Medical Research
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
Moderately Toxic
Toxic
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.21 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
4.2.5 In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.30.00 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
795.00 °C327.50 °C
Francium
27 3410
5.4 Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C1,740.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
1.3 Appearance
1.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
1.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Gray
1.3.3 Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
1.4 Hardness
1.4.1 Mohs Hardness
2.501.50
Cesium
0.2 8.5
1.5.1 Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa38.00 MPa
Cesium
0.14 3490
1.8.1 Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPaNA
Palladium
121 3430
1.11 Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s1,190.00 m/s
Thallium
818 16200
1.12 Optical Properties
1.12.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
2.4.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum
58 97
2.5 Allotropes
2.5.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
2.5.3 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
2.5.4 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
3 Chemical
3.1 Chemical Formula
Ce
Pb
3.2 Isotopes
3.2.1 Known Isotopes
3035
Tennessine
0 38
3.3 Electronegativity
3.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.121.87
Francium
0.7 2.54
3.3.4 Sanderson Electronegativity
NA2.29
Cesium
0.22 2.56
3.3.8 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.081.55
Cesium
0.86 1.82
3.3.10 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NA2.41
Cesium
0.62 2.48
3.3.14 Allen Electronegativity
NA1.85
Cesium
0.659 2.7
4.3 Electropositivity
4.3.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.881.67
Gold
1.46 3.3
5.2 Ionization Energies
5.2.1 1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
5.3.1 2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol1,450.50 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
5.5.2 3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol3,081.50 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
5.6.2 4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol4,083.00 kJ/mol
Thorium
2780 37066
6.1.1 5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol6,640.00 kJ/mol
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
6.5.2 6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/molNA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
6.6.4 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
7.2.3 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
7.4.4 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
14110 134700
7.4.6 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium
17100 144300
7.6.1 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
7.8.1 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
7.12.2 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
8.2.4 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
8.3.1 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
8.5.3 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
8.5.6 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
8.6.2 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
8.6.5 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
8.6.6 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
8.6.8 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
8.6.10 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
8.7.1 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
8.7.2 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
9.1.3 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
9.1.6 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
9.1.7 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
9.1.10 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
9.1.11 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
9.2.3 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
9.3 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr3.87 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
9.4 Electron Work Function
2.84 eV4.25 eV
Cesium
2.14 5.65
9.5 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
5882
Lithium
3 117
11.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
11.3 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
11.3.1 Crystal Lattice
11.4 Atom
11.4.1 Number of Protons
5882
Lithium
3 117
11.5.1 Number of Neutrons
82125
Lithium
4 184
11.6.1 Number of Electrons
5882
Lithium
3 117
11.8 Radius of an Atom
11.8.1 Atomic Radius
181.80 pm175.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
11.9.1 Covalent Radius
204.00 pm146.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
11.9.2 Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm202.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
11.11 Atomic Weight
140.12 amu207.20 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
11.12 Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol18.17 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
11.13 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
11.13.1 Previous Element
11.13.2 Next Element
11.14 Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)24.20 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
11.16 Lattice Constant
362.00 pm495.08 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
11.17 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
11.18 Lattice C/A Ratio
NANA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
12 Mechanical
12.1 Density
12.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm311.34 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
12.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm310.66 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
12.2 Tensile Strength
NA12.00 MPa
Indium
2.5 11000
12.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
12.4 Vapor Pressure
12.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)1.64 (Pa)
Palladium
2.47E-11 121
12.4.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)NA
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
12.5 Elasticity properties
12.5.1 Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa5.60 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
12.5.4 Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa46.00 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
12.5.6 Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa16.00 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
12.6 Poisson Ratio
0.240.44
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
12.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
13 Magnetic
13.1 Magnetic Characteristics
13.1.1 Specific Gravity
6.7711.35
Lithium
0.53 4500
13.1.3 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
13.1.4 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
13.1.6 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
13.2 Electrical Properties
13.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Poor Conductor
13.2.2 Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m208.00 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
13.2.4 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.05 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
13.3.1 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol35.10 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
14 Thermal
14.1 Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)0.13 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
15.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K26.65 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
15.3 Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K35.30 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
15.7 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
15.8 Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)28.90 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
15.9 Enthalpy
15.9.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol179.40 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
15.9.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol4.77 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
15.10.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol194.60 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
15.11 Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K64.80 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1