1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.5 Period Number
1.6 Block
1.7 Element Family
Lanthanide
Post-Transition
1.8 CAS Number
74404517439921
7429905
54386242
1.9 Space Group Name
1.10 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
Unknown
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1803
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %1 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
2.5.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %~0.000001 %
1E-08
0.1
3.2.2 Abundance In Meteorites
3.3.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.3.4 Abundance In Oceans
3.3.6 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
Medical Research
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
4.1.3 Other Uses
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.21 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
4.2.5 In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.30.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
795.00 °C327.50 °C
27
3410
5.4 Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C1,740.00 °C
147
5660
1.3 Appearance
1.3.1 Physical State
1.3.2 Color
1.3.3 Luster
1.4 Hardness
1.4.1 Mohs Hardness
1.5.1 Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa38.00 MPa
0.14
3490
1.8.1 Vickers Hardness
1.11 Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s1,190.00 m/s
818
16200
1.12 Optical Properties
1.12.1 Refractive Index
2.4.2 Reflectivity
2.5 Allotropes
2.5.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
2.5.3 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
2.5.4 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
3 Chemical
3.1 Chemical Formula
3.2 Isotopes
3.2.1 Known Isotopes
3.3 Electronegativity
3.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
3.3.4 Sanderson Electronegativity
3.3.8 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
3.3.10 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
3.3.14 Allen Electronegativity
4.3 Electropositivity
4.3.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.2 Ionization Energies
5.2.1 1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol715.60 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.3.1 2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol1,450.50 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.2 3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol3,081.50 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.6.2 4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol4,083.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
6.1.1 5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol6,640.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
6.5.2 6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/molNA
5715.8
105800
6.6.4 7th Energy level
7.2.3 8th Energy Level
7.4.4 9th Energy Level
7.4.6 10th Energy Level
7.6.1 11th Energy Level
7.8.1 12th Energy Level
7.12.2 13th Energy Level
8.2.4 14th Energy Level
8.3.1 15th Energy Level
8.5.3 16th Energy Level
8.5.6 17th Energy Level
8.6.2 18th Energy Level
8.6.5 19th Energy Level
8.6.6 20th Energy Level
8.6.8 21st Energy Level
8.6.10 22nd Energy Level
8.7.1 23rd Energy Level
8.7.2 24th Energy Level
9.1.3 25th Energy Level
9.1.6 26th Energy Level
9.1.7 27th Energy Level
9.1.10 28th Energy Level
9.1.11 29th Energy Level
9.2.3 30th Energy Level
9.3 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr3.87 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.4 Electron Work Function
9.5 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
11.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
11.3 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
11.3.1 Crystal Lattice
11.4 Atom
11.4.1 Number of Protons
11.5.1 Number of Neutrons
11.6.1 Number of Electrons
11.8 Radius of an Atom
11.8.1 Atomic Radius
181.80 pm175.00 pm
112
265
11.9.1 Covalent Radius
204.00 pm146.00 pm
96
260
11.9.2 Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm202.00 pm
139
348
11.11 Atomic Weight
140.12 amu207.20 amu
6.94
294
11.12 Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol18.17 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
11.13 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
11.13.1 Previous Element
11.13.2 Next Element
11.14 Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)24.20 (-eV)
8
392.42
11.16 Lattice Constant
362.00 pm495.08 pm
228.58
891.25
11.17 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
11.18 Lattice C/A Ratio
12 Mechanical
12.1 Density
12.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm311.34 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
12.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm310.66 g/cm3
0.512
20
12.2 Tensile Strength
12.3 Viscosity
12.4 Vapor Pressure
12.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)1.64 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
12.4.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
12.5 Elasticity properties
12.5.1 Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa5.60 GPa
1.3
222
12.5.4 Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa46.00 GPa
1.6
462
12.5.6 Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa16.00 GPa
1.7
528
12.6 Poisson Ratio
12.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
13 Magnetic
13.1 Magnetic Characteristics
13.1.1 Specific Gravity
13.1.3 Magnetic Ordering
13.1.4 Permeability
13.1.6 Susceptibility
13.2 Electrical Properties
13.2.1 Electrical Property
13.2.2 Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m208.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
13.2.4 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.05 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
13.3.1 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol35.10 kJ/mol
0
222.8
14 Thermal
14.1 Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)0.13 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
15.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K26.65 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
15.3 Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K35.30 W/m·K
6.3
429
15.7 Critical Temperature
15.8 Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)28.90 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
15.9 Enthalpy
15.9.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol179.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
15.9.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol4.77 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
15.10.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol194.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
15.11 Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K64.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1