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Californium vs Lead

Californium
Lead
Lead vs Californium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf   
Pb   
Group Number
Not Available   
14   
4
Period Number
7   
6   
Block
f block   
p block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440713   
20
7439921   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
Unknown   
Discovery
In 1950   
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.000001 %   
18
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
26
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
22
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3   
11
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
30.00 p.p.m.   
10
Physical Properties
Melting Point
900.00 °C   
99+
327.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C   
99+
1,740.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
1.50   
18
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
38.00 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
1,190.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cf   
Pb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20   
19
35   
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.87   
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.29   
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.55   
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.41   
2
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.85   
8
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
1.67   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol   
99+
715.60 kJ/mol   
31
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,450.50 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,081.50 kJ/mol   
23
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4,083.00 kJ/mol   
35
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,640.00 kJ/mol   
20
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr   
15
3.87 g/amp-hr   
9
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
4.25 eV   
21
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
98   
20
82   
34
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
98   
20
82   
34
Number of Neutrons
153   
9
125   
19
Number of Electrons
98   
20
82   
34
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm   
9
175.00 pm   
19
Covalent Radius
Not Available   
146.00 pm   
38
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
202.00 pm   
27
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu   
17
207.20 amu   
30
Atomic Volume
Not Available   
18.17 cm3/mol   
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Berkelium
  
Thallium
  
Next Element
Einsteinium
  
Bismuth
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)   
38
24.20 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm   
99+
495.08 pm   
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3   
21
11.34 g/cm3   
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
10.66 g/cm3   
15
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
12.00 MPa   
20
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
1.64 (Pa)   
7
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
5.60 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
46.00 GPa   
24
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
16.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.44   
3
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.10   
13
11.35   
25
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Unknown   
Poor Conductor   
Resistivity
Not Available   
208.00 nΩ·m   
16
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.05 106/cm Ω   
36
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
35.10 kJ/mol   
28
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
Not Available   
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
26.65 J/mol·K   
26
Thermal Conductivity
Not Available   
35.30 W/m·K   
38
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
Not Available   
28.90 µm/(m·K)   
13
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
179.40 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
Not Available   
4.77 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available   
194.60 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
64.80 J/mol.K   
17
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