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Lead vs Californium

Lead
Californium
Californium vs Lead


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb  
Cf  
Group Number
14  
4
3  
15
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
p block  
f block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7439921  
99+
7440713  
20
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
In 1950  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
327.50 °C  
99+
900.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C  
99+
1,470.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
170.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
1,800.00 MPa  
7
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.02  
14
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
5.00 %  
39
63.00 %  
20
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pb  
Cf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
20  
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87  
14
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29  
4
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55  
12
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41  
2
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
11
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
32
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
36
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
32
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
30
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
34
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
33
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
13th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
28
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
15th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
24
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
16th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
19
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
17th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
40
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
30
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
37
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
31
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
22nd Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
23rd Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
24th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
23
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
29
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
30
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
24
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV  
28
4.70 eV  
15
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
82  
34
98  
20
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
82  
34
98  
20
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
153  
10
Number of Electrons
82  
34
98  
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm  
21
186.00 pm  
11
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
186.00 pm  
21
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm  
34
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu  
30
251.00 amu  
17
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol  
39
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thallium
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Bismuth
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
44.50 (-eV)  
39
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm  
18
338.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.51  
99+
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3  
35
15.10 g/cm3  
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3  
36
15.10 g/cm3  
22
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa  
99+
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
29
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)  
7
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa  
99+
29.00 GPa  
29
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
40.00 GPa  
38
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa  
99+
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.44  
3
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Malleable, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.35  
38
15.10  
24
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol  
33
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K  
34
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K  
39
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
600.61 K  
99+
900.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K  
18
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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