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Lead Californium Comparison

Lead
Californium
Californium Lead comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb   
Cf   
Group Number
14   
4
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
p block   
f block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7439921   
99+
7440713   
20
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)   
In 1950   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %   
18
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
23
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
26
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
22
Not Available   
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
8
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3   
11
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.   
10
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
327.50 °C   
99+
900.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C   
99+
1,470.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa   
99+
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s   
99+
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pb   
Cf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35   
4
20   
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87   
13
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29   
4
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55   
11
1.20   
27
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41   
2
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.85   
8
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67   
99+
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol   
31
608.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol   
99+
1,206.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol   
23
2,267.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol   
35
3,599.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol   
20
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr   
9
3.12 g/amp-hr   
15
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV   
21
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
82   
34
98   
20
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2   
[Rn] 5f10 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
82   
34
98   
20
Number of Neutrons
125   
19
153   
9
Number of Electrons
82   
34
98   
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm   
19
186.00 pm   
9
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
Not Available   
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm   
27
Not Available   
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu   
30
251.00 amu   
17
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol   
27
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thallium
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Bismuth
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)   
99+
44.50 (-eV)   
38
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm   
16
338.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3   
33
15.10 g/cm3   
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3   
15
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa   
20
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)   
7
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa   
99+
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa   
24
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa   
99+
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.44   
3
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Malleable, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.35   
25
15.10   
13
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor   
Unknown   
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m   
16
Not Available   
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω   
36
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol   
28
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K   
26
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K   
38
Not Available   
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)   
13
Not Available   
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K   
17
Not Available   
Summary >>
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