1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74404517439965
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
- Manganese is an essential trace element in all forms of life.
- Manganese metal oxidizes very easily, but it does not fuse that easily.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
Johann Gottlieb Gahn
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %8 * 10-4 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %~0.001 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
2 Uses
2.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
- This metal is very brittle hence it mostly not used as a pure metal, but its alloys are very useful
- Its alloy Manganese steel is extremely strong and used in railway tracks, safes, prison bars and riffle barrels.
2.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
2.1.2 Medical Uses
2.1.3 Other Uses
2.2 Biological Properties
2.2.1 Toxicity
2.2.2 Present in Human Body
2.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.08 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
2.2.4 In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.100.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
3 Physical
3.1 Melting Point
795.00 °C1,245.00 °C
27
3410
3.5 Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C1,962.00 °C
147
5660
3.8 Appearance
3.8.1 Physical State
3.8.2 Color
3.8.3 Luster
3.9 Hardness
3.9.1 Mohs Hardness
3.9.2 Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa196.00 MPa
0.14
3490
3.9.3 Vickers Hardness
3.10 Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s5,150.00 m/s
818
16200
3.11 Optical Properties
3.11.1 Refractive Index
3.11.2 Reflectivity
3.12 Allotropes
3.12.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
3.12.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
3.12.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4 Chemical
4.1 Chemical Formula
4.2 Isotopes
4.2.1 Known Isotopes
4.3 Electronegativity
4.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
4.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
4.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
4.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
4.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
4.4 Electropositivity
4.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
4.5 Ionization Energies
4.5.1 1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol717.30 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
4.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol1,509.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
4.5.3 3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol3,248.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
4.5.4 4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol4,940.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
4.5.5 5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol6,990.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
4.5.6 6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol9,220.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
4.5.7 7th Energy level
NA11,500.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
4.5.8 8th Energy Level
NA18,770.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
4.5.9 9th Energy Level
NA21,400.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
4.5.10 10th Energy Level
NA23,960.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
4.5.11 11th Energy Level
NA27,590.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
4.5.12 12th Energy Level
NA30,330.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
4.5.13 13th Energy Level
NA33,150.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
4.5.14 14th Energy Level
NA38,880.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
4.5.15 15th Energy Level
NA41,987.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
4.5.16 16th Energy Level
NA109,480.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
4.5.17 17th Energy Level
NA118,100.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
4.5.18 18th Energy Level
NA127,100.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
4.5.19 19th Energy Level
NA138,600.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
4.5.20 20th Energy Level
NA148,500.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
4.5.21 21st Energy Level
NA158,600.00 kJ/mol
87000
179100
4.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NA172,500.00 kJ/mol
93400
184900
4.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NA181,380.00 kJ/mol
98420
198800
4.5.24 24th Energy Level
4.5.25 25th Energy Level
4.5.26 26th Energy Level
4.5.27 27th Energy Level
4.5.28 28th Energy Level
4.5.29 29th Energy Level
4.5.30 30th Energy Level
4.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr0.29 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
4.7 Electron Work Function
4.8 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
5 Atomic
5.1 Atomic Number
5.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
[Ar] 3d5 4s2
5.3 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
5.3.1 Crystal Lattice
5.4 Atom
5.4.1 Number of Protons
5.4.2 Number of Neutrons
5.4.3 Number of Electrons
5.5 Radius of an Atom
5.5.1 Atomic Radius
181.80 pm127.00 pm
112
265
5.5.2 Covalent Radius
204.00 pm139.00 pm
96
260
5.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
5.6 Atomic Weight
140.12 amu54.94 amu
6.94
294
5.7 Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol1.39 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
5.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
5.8.1 Previous Element
5.8.2 Next Element
5.9 Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)220.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
5.10 Lattice Constant
362.00 pm891.25 pm
228.58
891.25
5.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
5.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
6 Mechanical
6.1 Density
6.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm37.21 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
6.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm35.95 g/cm3
0.512
20
6.2 Tensile Strength
6.3 Viscosity
6.4 Vapor Pressure
6.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
6.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
6.5 Elasticity properties
6.5.1 Shear Modulus
6.5.2 Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa120.00 GPa
1.6
462
6.5.3 Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa198.00 GPa
1.7
528
6.6 Poisson Ratio
6.7 Other Mechanical Properties
7 Magnetic
7.1 Magnetic Characteristics
7.1.1 Specific Gravity
7.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
7.1.3 Permeability
7.1.4 Susceptibility
7.2 Electrical Properties
7.2.1 Electrical Property
7.2.2 Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m1.44 nΩ·m
0.18
961
7.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
7.2.4 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
8 Thermal
8.1 Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)0.48 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
8.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K26.32 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
8.3 Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K7.81 W/m·K
6.3
429
8.4 Critical Temperature
8.5 Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)21.70 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
8.6 Enthalpy
8.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol219.70 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
8.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol14.64 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
8.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol280.30 kJ/mol
61.5
837
8.7 Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K32.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1