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Cerium
Cerium

Promethium
Promethium



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Cerium Promethium Comparison

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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Ce
Pm
1.2 Group Number
NANA
Gadolinium Metal
0 17
1.3 Period Number
66
Lithium Metal
2 7
2.2 Block
f block
f block
2.3 Element Family
Lanthanide
Lanthanide
2.4 CAS Number
74404517440122
Aluminium Metal
7429905 54386242
2.6 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Not Available
2.7 Space Group Number
194.00NA
Plutonium Metal
11 229
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
3.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe
3.3.2 Discovery
In 1803
In 1942
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %NA
Thallium Metal
5E-09 0.11
3.4.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %~-9999 %
Beryllium Metal
1E-08 0.1
3.4.5 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %NA
Gold Metal
1.7E-07 22
3.5.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %NA
Radium Metal
9.9E-12 8.1
3.6.3 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %NA
Protactinium Metal
2E-23 1.1
4.2.2 Abundance In Humans
NANA
Radium Metal
1E-13 1.4
5 Uses
5.1 Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
5.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
NA
5.1.2 Medical Uses
Medical Research
NA
5.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
NA
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity
Moderately Toxic
Non Toxic
5.2.2 Present in Human Body
5.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium Metal
0 1970
5.2.5 In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.NA
Plutonium Metal
0 170000
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
795.00 °C1,042.00 °C
Francium Metal
27 3410
6.2 Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C3,000.00 °C
Flerovium Metal
147 5660
6.3 Appearance
6.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
6.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Unknown
6.3.3 Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
6.4 Hardness
6.4.1 Mohs Hardness
2.50NA
Cesium Metal
0.2 8.5
6.5.2 Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPaNA
Cesium Metal
0.14 3490
6.6.3 Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPaNA
Palladium Metal
121 3430
6.7 Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/sNA
Thallium Metal
818 16200
6.8 Optical Properties
6.8.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury Metal
1.000933 1.7229
6.8.3 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
58 97
6.9 Allotropes
6.9.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.9.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.9.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7 Chemical
7.1 Chemical Formula
Ce
Pm
7.2 Isotopes
7.2.1 Known Isotopes
3027
Tennessine Metal
0 38
7.3 Electronegativity
7.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.12NA
Francium Metal
0.7 2.54
7.3.4 Sanderson Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium Metal
0.22 2.56
7.3.6 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.081.07
Cesium Metal
0.86 1.82
7.3.8 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium Metal
0.62 2.48
7.3.10 Allen Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium Metal
0.659 2.7
7.4 Electropositivity
7.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.88NA
Gold Metal
1.46 3.3
7.5 Ionization Energies
7.5.1 1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol540.00 kJ/mol
Cesium Metal
375.7 26130
7.5.3 2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol1,050.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium Metal
710.2162 28750
7.5.5 3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol2,150.00 kJ/mol
Osmium Metal
1600 34230
7.5.8 4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol3,970.00 kJ/mol
Thorium Metal
2780 37066
7.5.10 5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/molNA
Dubnium Metal
4305.2 97510
7.5.12 6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/molNA
Seaborgium Metal
5715.8 105800
7.5.14 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium Metal
7226.8 114300
7.5.16 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium Metal
8857.4 125300
7.5.19 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium Metal
14110 134700
7.5.21 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium Metal
17100 144300
7.5.24 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium Metal
19900 169988
7.5.26 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
22219 189368
7.5.29 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
26930 76015
7.6.1 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
29196 86450
7.7.1 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese Metal
41987 97510
7.8.1 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron Metal
47206 109480
8.1.1 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt Metal
52737 122200
8.4.2 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel Metal
58570 134810
8.4.4 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper Metal
64702 148700
8.4.5 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
80400 171200
8.4.7 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
87000 179100
8.4.8 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
93400 184900
8.5.2 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
98420 198800
8.5.4 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
104400 195200
8.5.5 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
121900 121900
8.5.7 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
127700 127700
8.6.1 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
133800 133800
8.6.2 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
139800 139800
8.7.1 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
148100 148100
8.7.2 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum Metal
154500 154500
8.10 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr1.80 g/amp-hr
Beryllium Metal
0.16812 8.3209
8.12 Electron Work Function
2.84 eVNA
Cesium Metal
2.14 5.65
9.2 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
5861
Lithium Metal
3 117
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
[Xe] 4f5 6s2
10.3 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
10.3.1 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
5861
Lithium Metal
3 117
10.5.1 Number of Neutrons
8284
Lithium Metal
4 184
10.6.1 Number of Electrons
5861
Lithium Metal
3 117
10.8 Radius of an Atom
10.8.1 Atomic Radius
181.80 pm183.00 pm
Beryllium Metal
112 265
10.9.2 Covalent Radius
204.00 pm199.00 pm
Beryllium Metal
96 260
10.9.3 Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm236.00 pm
Zinc Metal
139 348
10.10 Atomic Weight
140.12 amu145.00 amu
Lithium Metal
6.94 294
10.11 Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol22.39 cm3/mol
Manganese Metal
1.39 71.07
10.13 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.13.1 Previous Element
10.13.2 Next Element
10.14 Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)44.10 (-eV)
Francium Metal
8 392.42
10.15 Lattice Constant
362.00 pmNA
Beryllium Metal
228.58 891.25
11.2 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Unknown
11.3 Lattice C/A Ratio
NANA
Beryllium Metal
1.567 1.886
12 Mechanical
12.1 Density
12.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm37.26 g/cm3
Lithium Metal
0.534 40.7
12.2.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3NA
Lithium Metal
0.512 20
12.3 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium Metal
2.5 11000
12.4 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury Metal
0.001526 0.001526
12.5 Vapor Pressure
12.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)NA
Palladium
2.47E-11 121
12.5.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)NA
Tungsten Metal
2.62E-10 774
13.2 Elasticity properties
13.2.1 Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa18.00 GPa
Potassium Metal
1.3 222
13.3.1 Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa33.00 GPa
Cesium Metal
1.6 462
13.4.1 Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa46.00 GPa
Cesium Metal
1.7 528
13.7 Poisson Ratio
0.240.28
Beryllium Metal
0.032 0.47
13.8 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
14 Magnetic
14.1 Magnetic Characteristics
14.1.1 Specific Gravity
6.777.26
Lithium Metal
0.53 4500
14.2.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
14.2.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth Metal
1.25643E-06 0.0063
14.2.5 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth Metal
-0.000166 200000
14.3 Electrical Properties
14.3.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
14.3.2 Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m0.75 nΩ·m
Thallium Metal
0.18 961
14.4.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm ΩNA
Plutonium Metal
0.00666 0.63
14.4.2 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
Mercury Metal
0 222.8
15 Thermal
15.1 Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)0.18 J/(kg K)
Americium Metal
0.11 3.6
15.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·KNA
Beryllium Metal
16.443 62.7
15.3 Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K17.90 W/m·K
Neptunium Metal
6.3 429
15.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium Metal
26.3 3223
15.5 Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)9.00 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten Metal
4.5 97
15.6 Enthalpy
15.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/molNA
Zinc Metal
7.32 799.1
15.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol7.50 kJ/mol
Cesium Metal
2.1 35.23
15.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol310.00 kJ/mol
Mercury Metal
61.5 837
15.7 Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.KNA
Beryllium Metal
9.5 198.1