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Cerium
Cerium

Scandium
Scandium



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Scandium

Cerium Scandium Comparison

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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Ce
Sc
1.2 Group Number
Tennessine Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
3
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Gadolinium Metal
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1.3 Period Number
Uranium Metal
6
Rank: 2 (Overall)
4
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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1.4 Block
f block
d block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
Roentgenium Met..
7440451
Rank: 41 (Overall)
7440202
Rank: 59 (Overall)
Aluminium Metal
1.7 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
1.8 Space Group Number
Sodium Metal
194.00
Rank: 5 (Overall)
194.00
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
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2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
Lars Fredrik Nilson
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1803
In 1879
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
Iron Metal
1 * 10-6 %
Rank: 16 (Overall)
3 * 10-6 %
Rank: 15 (Overall)
Thallium Metal
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
Iron Metal
~0.0000004 %
Rank: 23 (Overall)
~0.000004 %
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
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2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
Iron Metal
0.00 %
Rank: 27 (Overall)
0.00 %
Rank: 18 (Overall)
Gold Metal
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2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
Aluminium Metal
0.01 %
Rank: 18 (Overall)
0.00 %
Rank: 23 (Overall)
Radium Metal
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2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
Sodium Metal
0.00 %
Rank: 33 (Overall)
0.00 %
Rank: 32 (Overall)
Protactinium Metal
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
Calcium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Radium Metal
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3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Medical Research
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Moderately Toxic
Non Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
27% Lanthanide Series Metals have it !
60% Transition Metals Metals have it !
3.2.3 In Blood
Sodium Metal
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Rank: 30 (Overall)
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
Rank: 22 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
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3.2.4 In Bone
Calcium Metal
2.70 p.p.m.
Rank: 14 (Overall)
0.00 p.p.m.
Rank: 34 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
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4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
Tungsten Metal
795.00 °C
Rank: 56 (Overall)
1,539.00 °C
Rank: 24 (Overall)
Francium Metal
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4.2 Boiling Point
Tungsten Metal
3,257.00 °C
Rank: 23 (Overall)
2,832.00 °C
Rank: 35 (Overall)
Flerovium Metal
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4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
4.3.3 Luster
Lustrous
Lustrous
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
Chromium Metal
2.50
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
Osmium Metal
186.00 MPa
Rank: 43 (Overall)
750.00 MPa
Rank: 12 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
Tungsten Metal
210.00 MPa
Rank: 32 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Palladium Metal
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4.5 Speed of Sound
Technetium Metal
2,100.00 m/s
Rank: 43 (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Thallium Metal
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4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
Palladium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury Metal
4.6.2 Reflectivity
Silver Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
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4.7 Allotropes
No Lanthanide Series Metals has it !
6% Transition Metals Metals have it !
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Ce
Sc
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
Palladium Metal
30
Rank: 9 (Overall)
13
Rank: 26 (Overall)
Tennessine Metal
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5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
Gold Metal
1.12
Rank: 43 (Overall)
1.36
Rank: 29 (Overall)
Francium Metal
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5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
Cobalt Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
1.02
Rank: 21 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Gallium Metal
1.08
Rank: 31 (Overall)
1.20
Rank: 27 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Polonium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
Berkelium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
1.19
Rank: 36 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
Francium Metal
2.88
Rank: 11 (Overall)
2.64
Rank: 25 (Overall)
Gold Metal
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5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
Chromium Metal
534.40 kJ/mol
Rank: 76 (Overall)
633.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 46 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
Chromium Metal
1,050.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 78 (Overall)
1,235.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 57 (Overall)
Ruthenium Metal
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5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
Chromium Metal
1,949.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 78 (Overall)
2,388.60 kJ/mol
Rank: 52 (Overall)
Osmium Metal
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5.5.4 4th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
3,547.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 55 (Overall)
7,090.60 kJ/mol
Rank: 6 (Overall)
Thorium Metal
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5.5.5 5th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
6,325.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 22 (Overall)
8,843.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 6 (Overall)
Dubnium Metal
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5.5.6 6th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
7,490.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 21 (Overall)
10,679.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Seaborgium Metal
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5.5.7 7th Energy level
Chromium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
13,310.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Bohrium Metal
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5.5.8 8th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
15,250.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 11 (Overall)
Hassium Metal
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5.5.9 9th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
17,370.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 14 (Overall)
Yttrium Metal
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5.5.10 10th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
21,726.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 13 (Overall)
Strontium Metal
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
Magnesium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
24,102.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 16 (Overall)
Yttrium Metal
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
Magnesium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
66,320.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 2 (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
Titanium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
73,010.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 2 (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
Vanadium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
80,160.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 3 (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
Chromium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
89,490.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 4 (Overall)
Manganese Metal
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
Manganese Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
97,400.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 5 (Overall)
Iron Metal
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
Iron Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
105,600.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 6 (Overall)
Cobalt Metal
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
Cobalt Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
117,000.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Nickel Metal
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5.5.19 19th Energy Level
Nickel Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
124,270.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Copper Metal
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
Zinc Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: 100 (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
Zinc Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: 100 (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
Copper Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
Copper Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
Iron Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
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5.5.25 25th Energy Level
Molybdenum Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
Molybdenum Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
Molybdenum Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
Molybdenum Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
Molybdenum Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
Molybdenum Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Molybdenum Metal
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
Francium Metal
1.74 g/amp-hr
Rank: 41 (Overall)
0.56 g/amp-hr
Rank: 67 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
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5.7 Electron Work Function
Platinum Metal
2.84 eV
Rank: 39 (Overall)
3.50 eV
Rank: 31 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
Tennessine Metal
58
Rank: 58 (Overall)
21
Rank: 85 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
Tennessine Metal
58
Rank: 57 (Overall)
21
Rank: 84 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
Flerovium Metal
82
Rank: 41 (Overall)
24
Rank: 63 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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6.4.3 Number of Electrons
Tennessine Metal
58
Rank: 57 (Overall)
21
Rank: 84 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
Cesium Metal
181.80 pm
Rank: 12 (Overall)
162.00 pm
Rank: 26 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
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6.5.2 Covalent Radius
Francium Metal
204.00 pm
Rank: 8 (Overall)
170.00 pm
Rank: 25 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
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6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
Francium Metal
235.00 pm
Rank: 17 (Overall)
211.00 pm
Rank: 25 (Overall)
Zinc Metal
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6.6 Atomic Weight
Tennessine Metal
140.12 amu
Rank: 52 (Overall)
44.96 amu
Rank: 79 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
6.7 Atomic Volume
Cesium Metal
20.67 cm3/mol
Rank: 17 (Overall)
15.00 cm3/mol
Rank: 34 (Overall)
Manganese Metal
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
Platinum Metal
41.78 (-eV)
Rank: 45 (Overall)
58.00 (-eV)
Rank: 24 (Overall)
Francium Metal
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6.10 Lattice Constant
Manganese Metal
362.00 pm
Rank: 34 (Overall)
330.90 pm
Rank: 49 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
Cadmium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
1.59
Rank: 7 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
Hassium Metal
6.77 g/cm3
Rank: 63 (Overall)
2.99 g/cm3
Rank: 73 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Osmium Metal
6.55 g/cm3
Rank: 38 (Overall)
2.80 g/cm3
Rank: 51 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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7.2 Tensile Strength
Iron Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Indium Metal
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7.3 Viscosity
Mercury Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Mercury Metal
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Strontium Metal
0.00 (Pa)
Rank: 34 (Overall)
0.00 (Pa)
Rank: 22 (Overall)
Cerium Metal
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7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Chromium Metal
1.04 (Pa)
Rank: 13 (Overall)
91.30 (Pa)
Rank: 3 (Overall)
Tungsten Metal
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7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
Osmium Metal
13.50 GPa
Rank: 41 (Overall)
29.10 GPa
Rank: 24 (Overall)
Potassium Metal
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7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
Osmium Metal
21.50 GPa
Rank: 42 (Overall)
56.60 GPa
Rank: 21 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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7.5.3 Young's Modulus
Iridium Metal
33.60 GPa
Rank: 43 (Overall)
74.40 GPa
Rank: 26 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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7.6 Poisson Ratio
Gallium Metal
0.24
Rank: 27 (Overall)
0.28
Rank: 18 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
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7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
Cobalt Metal
6.77
Rank: 50 (Overall)
2.99
Rank: 61 (Overall)
Lithium Metal
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8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
Iron Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth Metal
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8.1.4 Susceptibility
Iron Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Bismuth Metal
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8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
Mercury Metal
828.00 nΩ·m
Rank: 3 (Overall)
562.00 nΩ·m
Rank: 10 (Overall)
Thallium Metal
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8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
Silver Metal
0.01 106/cm Ω
Rank: 54 (Overall)
0.02 106/cm Ω
Rank: 46 (Overall)
Plutonium Metal
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8.2.4 Electron Affinity
Gold Metal
50.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 21 (Overall)
18.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 33 (Overall)
Mercury Metal
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9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
Lithium Metal
0.19 J/(kg K)
Rank: 32 (Overall)
0.60 J/(kg K)
Rank: 8 (Overall)
Americium Metal
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
Americium Metal
26.94 J/mol·K
Rank: 23 (Overall)
25.52 J/mol·K
Rank: 37 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
Silver Metal
11.30 W/m·K
Rank: 61 (Overall)
15.80 W/m·K
Rank: 53 (Overall)
Neptunium Metal
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9.4 Critical Temperature
Lithium Metal
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
Ytterbium Metal
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9.5 Thermal Expansion
Cesium Metal
6.30 µm/(m·K)
Rank: 52 (Overall)
10.20 µm/(m·K)
Rank: 39 (Overall)
Tungsten Metal
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9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
Tungsten Metal
414.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 16 (Overall)
314.20 kJ/mol
Rank: 28 (Overall)
Zinc Metal
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9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
Tungsten Metal
5.46 kJ/mol
Rank: 52 (Overall)
14.10 kJ/mol
Rank: 25 (Overall)
Cesium Metal
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9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
Tungsten Metal
381.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 23 (Overall)
343.00 kJ/mol
Rank: 28 (Overall)
Mercury Metal
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9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
Protactinium Me..
72.00 J/mol.K
Rank: 12 (Overall)
34.60 J/mol.K
Rank: 44 (Overall)
Beryllium Metal
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