Symbol
Cs
  
Ru
  
Period Number
6
  
5
  
Block
s block
  
d block
  
Element Family
Alkali
  
Transition Metal
  
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
  
P63/mmc
  
Interesting Facts
Not Available
  
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
  
Karl Ernst Claus
  
Discovery
In 1860
  
In 1844
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000008 %
  
20
~0.0000005 %
  
22
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- The most common use of cesium metal is as a drilling fluid. It is also used in optical glass manufacturing.
-
In vacuum tubes and radiation monitor equipment this metal is used as a catalyst promoter.
  
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
Medical Research
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic
  
Low Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
No
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
28
Not Available
  
In Bone
0.05 p.p.m.
  
26
Not Available
  
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C
  
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silvery Gold
  
Silvery White
  
Luster
NA
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa
  
3
Speed of Sound
Not Available
  
5,970.00 m/s
  
4
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Cs
  
Ru
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol
  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol
  
32
2nd Energy Level
2,234.30 kJ/mol
  
8
710.22 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,400.00 kJ/mol
  
16
2,747.00 kJ/mol
  
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
4.96 g/amp-hr
  
3
1.26 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 6s1
  
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Weight
132.91 amu
  
99+
101.07 amu
  
99+
Atomic Volume
71.07 cm3/mol
  
1
8.30 cm3/mol
  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
8.62 (-eV)
  
99+
64.00 (-eV)
  
22
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.93 g/cm3
  
99+
12.45 g/cm3
  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.84 g/cm3
  
99+
10.65 g/cm3
  
16
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available
  
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
  
Ductile, Malleable
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
  
Conductor
  
Resistivity
205.00 nΩ·m
  
17
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω
  
35
0.14 106/cm Ω
  
16
Electron Affinity
45.50 kJ/mol
  
25
101.30 kJ/mol
  
10
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)
  
23
0.24 J/(kg K)
  
24
Molar Heat Capacity
32.21 J/mol·K
  
4
24.06 J/mol·K
  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
35.90 W/m·K
  
36
117.00 W/m·K
  
13
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
97.00 µm/(m·K)
  
1
6.40 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
65.90 kJ/mol
  
99+
567.80 kJ/mol
  
10
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.10 kJ/mol
  
99+
25.50 kJ/mol
  
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
78.20 kJ/mol
  
99+
603.00 kJ/mol
  
9
Standard Molar Entropy
85.20 J/mol.K
  
3
28.50 J/mol.K
  
99+