Cesium vs Ruthenium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Cs
Ru
Group Number
1
17
8
10
Period Number
6
5
Block
s block
d block
Element Family
Alkali
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440462
40
7440188
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
229.00
1
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
Not Available
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Karl Ernst Claus
Discovery
In 1860
In 1844
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
8 * 10-8 %
24
4 * 10-7 %
20
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000008 %
20
~0.0000005 %
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
38
0.00 %
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
35
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
17
0.00 %
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
17
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- The most common use of cesium metal is as a drilling fluid. It is also used in optical glass manufacturing.
- In vacuum tubes and radiation monitor equipment this metal is used as a catalyst promoter.
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
28
Not Available
In Bone
0.05 p.p.m.
26
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
28.50 °C
99+
2,250.00 °C
8
Boiling Point
678.40 °C
99+
3,900.00 °C
14
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gold
Silvery White
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
0.20
25
6.50
5
Brinell Hardness
0.14 MPa
99+
2,160.00 MPa
3
Speed of Sound
Not Available
5,970.00 m/s
4
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cs
Ru
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
36
3
26
13
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
0.79
99+
2.20
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.22
33
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.86
99+
1.42
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.62
26
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
0.66
99+
1.54
25
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
3.21
2
1.80
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
375.70 kJ/mol
99+
710.20 kJ/mol
32
2nd Energy Level
2,234.30 kJ/mol
8
710.22 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,400.00 kJ/mol
16
2,747.00 kJ/mol
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
4.96 g/amp-hr
3
1.26 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
2.14 eV
99+
4.71 eV
9
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
55
99+
44
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 6s1
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
55
99+
44
99+
Number of Neutrons
78
99+
57
99+
Number of Electrons
55
99+
44
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
265.00 pm
1
134.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
244.00 pm
2
146.00 pm
38
Van der Waals Radius
343.00 pm
2
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
132.91 amu
99+
101.07 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
71.07 cm3/mol
1
8.30 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
8.62 (-eV)
99+
64.00 (-eV)
22
Lattice Constant
614.10 pm
5
270.59 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.58
11
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
1.93 g/cm3
99+
12.45 g/cm3
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.84 g/cm3
99+
10.65 g/cm3
16
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
23
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
173.00 GPa
4
Bulk Modulus
1.60 GPa
99+
220.00 GPa
7
Young's Modulus
1.70 GPa
99+
447.00 GPa
3
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.30
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
1.87
99+
12.45
19
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
205.00 nΩ·m
17
71.00 nΩ·m
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω
35
0.14 106/cm Ω
16
Electron Affinity
45.50 kJ/mol
25
101.30 kJ/mol
10
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)
23
0.24 J/(kg K)
24
Molar Heat Capacity
32.21 J/mol·K
4
24.06 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
35.90 W/m·K
36
117.00 W/m·K
13
Critical Temperature
1,938.00 K
5
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
97.00 µm/(m·K)
1
6.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
65.90 kJ/mol
99+
567.80 kJ/mol
10
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.10 kJ/mol
99+
25.50 kJ/mol
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
78.20 kJ/mol
99+
603.00 kJ/mol
9
Standard Molar Entropy
85.20 J/mol.K
3
28.50 J/mol.K
99+
|
||
|
||
|
