Chromium

Californium

Chromium vs Californium

Chromium

Californium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

6NA

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

d block

f block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

Actinide

1.6 CAS Number

74404737440713

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Im_ 3m

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

229.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.

Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.

Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.

Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.

Californium metal is the heaviest metal.

2.2 Sources

Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals

Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Louis Nicolas Vauquelin

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

2.3.2 Discovery

In Between 1797 - 1798

In 1950

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

1.5 * 10^-3 %NA

5E-09 0.11

2.4.3 Abundance In Sun

~0.002 %~-9999 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Meteorites

0.30 %NA

1.7E-07 22

2.4.8 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.01 %NA

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.10 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %NA

2E-23 1.1

2.4.12 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %NA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.

Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry

Chemical Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

Alloys, Nuclear Research

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Highly Toxic

Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.11 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.33 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

1,857.00 °C900.00 °C

27 3410

5.2 Boiling Point

2,672.00 °C1,470.00 °C

147 5660

5.6 Appearance

5.6.1 Physical State

Solid

5.6.2 Color

Silver

5.6.3 Luster

Metallic

5.7 Hardness

5.7.1 Mohs Hardness

8.503.00

0.2 8.5

5.7.2 Brinell Hardness

687.00 MPaNA

0.14 3490

5.7.4 Vickers Hardness

1,060.00 MPaNA

121 3430

5.8 Speed of Sound

5,940.00 m/sNA

818 16200

5.10 Optical Properties

5.10.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

5.10.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

5.11 Allotropes

✔ ✘

5.11.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

5.11.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

5.11.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

6 Chemical

6.1 Chemical Formula

6.2 Isotopes

6.2.1 Known Isotopes

2120

0 38

6.3 Electronegativity

6.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.661.30

0.7 2.54

6.4.1 Sanderson Electronegativity

1.66NA

0.22 2.56

6.5.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.561.20

0.86 1.82

6.5.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

6.7.1 Allen Electronegativity

1.65NA

0.659 2.7

6.9 Electropositivity

6.9.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.342.70

1.46 3.3

6.12 Ionization Energies

6.12.1 1st Energy Level

26,130.00 kJ/mol608.00 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

7.1.2 2nd Energy Level

28,750.00 kJ/mol1,206.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

7.1.3 3rd Energy Level

34,230.00 kJ/mol2,267.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

7.1.5 4th Energy Level

37,066.00 kJ/mol3,599.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

7.1.6 5th Energy Level

97,510.00 kJ/molNA

4305.2 97510

7.2.1 6th Energy Level

105,800.00 kJ/molNA

5715.8 105800

7.2.2 7th Energy level

114,300.00 kJ/molNA

7226.8 114300

7.3.1 8th Energy Level

125,300.00 kJ/molNA

8857.4 125300

7.4.2 9th Energy Level

134,700.00 kJ/molNA

14110 134700

7.4.3 10th Energy Level

144,300.00 kJ/molNA

17100 144300

7.4.5 11th Energy Level

26,130.00 kJ/molNA

19900 169988

7.5.2 12th Energy Level

28,750.00 kJ/molNA

22219 189368

7.5.3 13th Energy Level

34,230.00 kJ/molNA

26930 76015

7.5.5 14th Energy Level

37,066.00 kJ/molNA

29196 86450

7.5.7 15th Energy Level

97,510.00 kJ/molNA

41987 97510

7.5.8 16th Energy Level

105,800.00 kJ/molNA

47206 109480

7.6.1 17th Energy Level

114,300.00 kJ/molNA

52737 122200

7.6.2 18th Energy Level

125,300.00 kJ/molNA

58570 134810

8.1.2 19th Energy Level

134,700.00 kJ/molNA

64702 148700

8.1.5 20th Energy Level

144,300.00 kJ/molNA

80400 171200

8.1.6 21st Energy Level

157,700.00 kJ/molNA

87000 179100

8.1.8 22nd Energy Level

166,090.00 kJ/molNA

93400 184900

8.2.3 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

8.2.4 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

8.2.5 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

8.2.7 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

8.2.8 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

8.2.10 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

8.2.11 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

9.1.1 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

9.2 Electrochemical Equivalent

0.32 g/amp-hr3.12 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

9.4 Electron Work Function

4.50 eVNA

2.14 5.65

9.6 Other Chemical Properties

Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility

10 Atomic

10.1 Atomic Number

2498

3 117

10.3 Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹

[Rn] 5f¹⁰ 7s²

10.4 Crystal Structure

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)

10.4.1 Crystal Lattice

10.5 Atom

10.5.1 Number of Protons

2498

3 117

10.6.1 Number of Neutrons

28153

4 184

10.6.2 Number of Electrons

2498

3 117

10.8 Radius of an Atom

10.8.1 Atomic Radius

128.00 pm186.00 pm

112 265

10.8.3 Covalent Radius

139.00 pmNA

96 260

10.8.4 Van der Waals Radius

200.00 pmNA

139 348

10.9 Atomic Weight

52.00 amu251.00 amu

6.94 294

10.11 Atomic Volume

7.23 cm3/molNA

1.39 71.07

10.12 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

10.12.1 Previous Element

10.12.2 Next Element

10.13 Valence Electron Potential

170.00 (-eV)44.50 (-eV)

8 392.42

10.14 Lattice Constant

291.00 pm338.00 pm

228.58 891.25

10.15 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

10.16 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

11 Mechanical

11.1 Density

11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

7.19 g/cm³15.10 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

11.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

6.30 g/cm3NA

0.512 20

11.2 Tensile Strength

689.00 MPaNA

2.5 11000

11.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

11.4 Vapor Pressure

11.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)NA

2.47E-11 121

11.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

774.00 (Pa)NA

2.62E-10 774

11.5 Elasticity properties

11.5.1 Shear Modulus

115.00 GPaNA

1.3 222

11.5.2 Bulk Modulus

160.00 GPaNA

1.6 462

11.5.3 Young's Modulus

279.00 GPaNA

1.7 528

11.6 Poisson Ratio

0.21NA

0.032 0.47

11.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Malleable, Sectile

12 Magnetic

12.1 Magnetic Characteristics

12.1.1 Specific Gravity

7.1915.10

0.53 4500

12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Antiferromagnetic

Paramagnetic

12.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

12.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

12.2 Electrical Properties

12.2.1 Electrical Property

Unknown

12.2.2 Resistivity

125.00 nΩ·mNA

0.18 961

12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.08 10⁶/cm ΩNA

0.00666 0.63

12.2.4 Electron Affinity

64.30 kJ/molNA

0 222.8

13 Thermal

13.1 Specific Heat

0.45 J/(kg K)NA

0.11 3.6

13.2 Molar Heat Capacity

23.35 J/mol·KNA

16.443 62.7

13.3 Thermal Conductivity

93.90 W/m·KNA

6.3 429

13.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

13.5 Thermal Expansion

4.90 µm/(m·K)NA

4.5 97

13.6 Enthalpy

13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

348.80 kJ/molNA

7.32 799.1

13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

15.31 kJ/molNA

2.1 35.23

13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

397.50 kJ/molNA

61.5 837

13.7 Standard Molar Entropy

23.80 J/mol.KNA

9.5 198.1

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