Cobalt

Rubidium

Cobalt vs Rubidium

Cobalt

Rubidium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

d block

s block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

Alkali

1.6 CAS Number

74404847440177

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

Im_ 3m

1.8 Space Group Number

194.00229.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.

It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.

Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.

2.2 Sources

Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals

Obtained from Lithium Production.

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Georg Brandt

Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1732

In 1861

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

3 * 10^-4 %1 * 10^-6 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.0004 %~0.000003 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.06 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %0.01 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.

Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Pharmaceutical Industry

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

Alloys, Research Purposes

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

Non Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.04 Blood/mg dm-32.49 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.04 p.p.m.5.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

1,495.00 °C38.89 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

2,870.00 °C688.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Gray

Grayish White

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

5.000.30

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

470.00 MPa0.22 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

1,043.00 MPaNA

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

4,720.00 m/s1,300.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

67.00 %NA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

α-Cobalt

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

β-Cobalt

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2629

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.880.82

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

2.560.31

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.700.89

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NA0.69

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.840.71

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.123.18

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

760.40 kJ/mol403.00 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,648.00 kJ/mol2,633.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

3,232.00 kJ/mol3,860.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

4,950.00 kJ/mol5,080.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

7,670.00 kJ/mol6,850.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

9,840.00 kJ/mol8,140.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

12,440.00 kJ/mol9,570.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

15,230.00 kJ/mol13,120.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

17,959.00 kJ/mol14,500.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

26,570.00 kJ/mol26,740.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

29,400.00 kJ/molNA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

32,400.00 kJ/molNA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

36,600.00 kJ/molNA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

39,700.00 kJ/molNA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

42,800.00 kJ/molNA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

49,396.00 kJ/molNA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

52,737.00 kJ/molNA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

134,810.00 kJ/molNA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

145,170.00 kJ/molNA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

154,700.00 kJ/molNA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

167,400.00 kJ/molNA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

178,100.00 kJ/molNA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

189,300.00 kJ/molNA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

1.10 g/amp-hr3.19 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

5.00 eV2.16 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Chemical Stability, Ionization

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

2237

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d² 4s²

[Kr] 5s¹

6.3 Crystal Structure

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

2237

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

2648

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

2237

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

147.00 pm248.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

160.00 pm220.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

200.00 pm303.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

47.87 amu85.47 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

10.64 cm3/mol55.90 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

95.20 (-eV)9.47 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

295.08 pm558.50 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

4.51 g/cm³1.53 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

4.11 g/cm31.46 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

434.00 MPaNA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NANA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

0.98 (Pa)NA

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

44.00 GPaNA

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

110.00 GPa2.50 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

116.00 GPa2.40 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.32NA

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

4,500.001.53

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Poor Conductor

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

420.00 nΩ·m128.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.02 10⁶/cm Ω0.08 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

7.60 kJ/mol46.90 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.52 J/(kg K)0.36 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

25.06 J/mol·K31.06 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

21.90 W/m·K58.20 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NA2,093.00 K

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

8.60 µm/(m·K)90.00 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

429.00 kJ/mol69.20 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

15.48 kJ/mol2.19 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

468.60 kJ/mol82.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

27.30 J/mol.K76.80 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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