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Erbium vs Promethium

Erbium
Promethium
Promethium vs Erbium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Er  
Pm  
Group Number
Not Available  
Not Available  
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440520  
35
7440122  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Not Available  
Space Group Number
194.00  
5
Not Available  
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
Sources
Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander  
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe  
Discovery
In 1842  
In 1942  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %  
22
Not Available  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %  
26
~-9999 %  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
36
Not Available  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
32
Not Available  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
36
Not Available  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
NA  
Medical Uses
NA  
NA  
Other Uses
Alloys  
NA  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
Not Available  
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C  
28
1,042.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C  
99+
3,000.00 °C  
31
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Unknown  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa  
11
Not Available  
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa  
19
Not Available  
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s  
28
Not Available  
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Er  
Pm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31  
8
27  
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24  
36
Not Available  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
29
1.07  
32
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76  
18
Not Available  
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
33
3,970.00 kJ/mol  
38
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr  
28
1.80 g/amp-hr  
36
Electron Work Function
Not Available  
Not Available  
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
68  
99+
61  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2  
[Xe] 4f5 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
68  
99+
61  
99+
Number of Neutrons
99  
33
84  
40
Number of Electrons
68  
99+
61  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm  
18
183.00 pm  
10
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm  
19
199.00 pm  
12
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available  
236.00 pm  
16
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu  
99+
145.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol  
25
22.39 cm3/mol  
12
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Holmium
  
Neodymium
  
Next Element
Thulium
  
Samarium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)  
29
44.10 (-eV)  
39
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm  
39
Not Available  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Unknown  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
17
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3  
99+
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3  
23
Not Available  
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
20
Not Available  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa  
25
18.00 GPa  
36
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa  
27
33.00 GPa  
36
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa  
29
46.00 GPa  
38
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
28
0.28  
17
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable  
NA  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.07  
32
7.26  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m  
99+
0.75 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Not Available  
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
21
50.00 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)  
34
0.18 J/(kg K)  
33
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K  
11
Not Available  
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K  
99+
17.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)  
31
9.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol  
35
Not Available  
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol  
15
7.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol  
33
310.00 kJ/mol  
34
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K  
11
Not Available  
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