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Erbium vs Promethium

Erbium
Promethium
Promethium vs Erbium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Er   
Pm   
Group Number
Not Available   
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440520   
35
7440122   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Not Available   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
Not Available   
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
Sources
Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander   
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Discovery
In 1842   
In 1942   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
36
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
32
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
36
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
NA   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C   
28
1,042.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C   
99+
3,000.00 °C   
31
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Unknown   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa   
11
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa   
19
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s   
28
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Er   
Pm   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31   
8
27   
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24   
36
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.07   
32
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76   
18
Not Available   
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol   
99+
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr   
28
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
68   
99+
61   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2   
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
68   
99+
61   
99+
Number of Neutrons
99   
33
84   
40
Number of Electrons
68   
99+
61   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
183.00 pm   
10
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm   
19
199.00 pm   
12
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
236.00 pm   
16
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu   
99+
145.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol   
25
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Holmium
  
Neodymium
  
Next Element
Thulium
  
Samarium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)   
29
44.10 (-eV)   
39
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm   
39
Not Available   
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Unknown   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3   
99+
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3   
23
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
20
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa   
25
18.00 GPa   
36
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa   
27
33.00 GPa   
36
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa   
29
46.00 GPa   
38
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
28
0.28   
17
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.07   
32
7.26   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m   
99+
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)   
34
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K   
11
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K   
99+
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)   
31
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol   
35
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol   
15
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol   
33
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K   
11
Not Available   
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