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Promethium vs Erbium

Promethium
Erbium
Erbium vs Promethium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm  
Er  
Group Number
Not Available  
Not Available  
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440122  
99+
7440520  
35
Space Group Name
Not Available  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
Not Available  
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe  
Carl Gustaf Mosander  
Discovery
In 1942  
In 1842  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available  
2 * 10-7 %  
22
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %  
~0.0000001 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available  
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available  
0.00 %  
32
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available  
0.00 %  
36
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
Industrial Uses
NA  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
NA  
NA  
Other Uses
NA  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Mildly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
Not Available  
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C  
99+
1,522.00 °C  
28
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C  
31
2,510.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Unknown  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
Not Available  
814.00 MPa  
11
Vickers Hardness
Not Available  
589.00 MPa  
19
Speed of Sound
Not Available  
2,830.00 m/s  
28
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pm  
Er  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27  
12
31  
8
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Not Available  
1.24  
36
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
32
1.11  
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Not Available  
2.76  
18
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,194.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol  
38
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
33
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr  
36
2.08 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
Not Available  
Not Available  
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
61  
99+
68  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2  
[Xe] 4f12 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61  
99+
68  
99+
Number of Neutrons
84  
40
99  
33
Number of Electrons
61  
99+
68  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm  
10
176.00 pm  
18
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm  
12
189.00 pm  
19
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm  
16
Not Available  
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu  
99+
167.26 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol  
12
18.40 cm3/mol  
25
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Holmium
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Thulium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)  
39
49.00 (-eV)  
29
Lattice Constant
Not Available  
355.88 pm  
39
Lattice Angles
Unknown  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
1.57  
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
9.07 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available  
8.86 g/cm3  
23
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available  
0.00 (Pa)  
20
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa  
36
28.30 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa  
36
44.40 GPa  
27
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
38
69.90 GPa  
29
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
17
0.24  
28
Other Mechanical Properties
NA  
Malleable  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26  
99+
9.07  
32
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m  
99+
0.86 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available  
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
21
50.00 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)  
33
0.17 J/(kg K)  
34
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available  
28.12 J/mol·K  
11
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K  
99+
14.50 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
12.20 µm/(m·K)  
31
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available  
261.00 kJ/mol  
35
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17.20 kJ/mol  
15
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol  
34
314.00 kJ/mol  
33
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available  
73.10 J/mol.K  
11
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