Erbium vs Terbium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Er
Tb
Group Number
Not Available
Not Available
Period Number
6
6
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440520
35
7440279
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
- Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
- At times Terbium metal acts same as Calcium.
- Terbium metal closely similar to Lanthanum metal.
Sources
Mining
Found in Minerals, Found with Other Rare Earth Metals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander
Carl Gustaf Mosander
Discovery
In 1842
In 1842
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
5 * 10-8 %
27
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.00000001 %
29
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
36
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
32
0.00 %
40
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
36
0.00 %
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
- Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
- Terbium salts are used in optical devices like laser devices.
- Terbium’s alloy lengthens and shortens the magnetic field and this effect forms loudspeaker.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
No
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C
28
1,356.00 °C
33
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C
99+
3,123.00 °C
29
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
Hardness
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa
11
677.00 MPa
17
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa
19
863.00 MPa
13
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s
28
2,620.00 m/s
35
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Er
Tb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
31
8
26
13
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24
36
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.10
30
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76
18
Not Available
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol
99+
603.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,174.80 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,417.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
4,203.00 kJ/mol
31
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr
28
1.98 g/amp-hr
31
Electron Work Function
Not Available
3.00 eV
36
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
68
99+
65
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2
[Xe] 4f9 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Terbium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
68
99+
65
99+
Number of Neutrons
99
33
94
36
Number of Electrons
68
99+
65
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
177.00 pm
17
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm
19
194.00 pm
16
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
221.00 pm
22
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu
99+
158.93 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol
25
19.20 cm3/mol
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)
29
46.80 (-eV)
33
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm
39
360.10 pm
36
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
1.58
13
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3
99+
8.23 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3
23
7.65 g/cm3
30
Tensile Strength
Not Available
60.00 MPa
17
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
20
0.00 (Pa)
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
12.50 (Pa)
8
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa
25
22.10 GPa
32
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa
27
38.70 GPa
33
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa
29
55.70 GPa
34
Poisson Ratio
0.24
28
0.26
21
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.07
32
8.23
39
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m
99+
1.15 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)
34
0.18 J/(kg K)
33
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K
11
28.91 J/mol·K
9
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K
99+
11.10 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)
31
10.30 µm/(m·K)
38
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol
35
330.90 kJ/mol
26
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol
15
10.80 kJ/mol
34
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol
33
314.00 kJ/mol
33
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K
11
73.20 J/mol.K
10
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