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Erbium vs Thulium

Erbium
Thulium
Thulium vs Erbium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Er   
Tm   
Group Number
Not Available   
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440520   
35
7440304   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
Sources
Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander   
Per Teodor Cleve   
Discovery
In 1842   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
1 * 10-8 %   
30
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.00000002 %   
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
36
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
32
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
36
0.00 %   
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic   
Unknown   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C   
28
1,545.00 °C   
23
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C   
99+
1,730.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery Gray   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa   
11
471.00 MPa   
25
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa   
19
520.00 MPa   
21
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s   
28
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Er   
Tm   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31   
8
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24   
36
1.25   
35
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.11   
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76   
18
2.75   
19
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol   
99+
596.70 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,160.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,285.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr   
28
2.10 g/amp-hr   
26
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
68   
99+
69   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2   
[Xe] 4f13 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
68   
99+
69   
99+
Number of Neutrons
99   
33
100   
32
Number of Electrons
68   
99+
69   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
176.00 pm   
18
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm   
19
160.00 pm   
30
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu   
99+
168.93 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol   
25
18.10 cm3/mol   
28
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Holmium
  
Erbium
  
Next Element
Thulium
  
Ytterbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)   
29
49.70 (-eV)   
28
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm   
39
353.75 pm   
40
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
1.57   
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3   
99+
9.32 g/cm3   
40
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3   
23
8.56 g/cm3   
24
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
20
0.06 (Pa)   
10
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa   
25
30.50 GPa   
22
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa   
27
44.50 GPa   
26
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa   
29
74.00 GPa   
27
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
28
0.21   
31
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.07   
32
9.32   
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m   
99+
676.00 nΩ·m   
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)   
34
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K   
11
27.03 J/mol·K   
22
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K   
99+
16.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)   
31
13.30 µm/(m·K)   
29
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol   
35
191.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol   
15
16.80 kJ/mol   
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol   
33
247.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K   
11
74.00 J/mol.K   
9
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