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Erbium vs Thulium

Erbium
Thulium
Thulium vs Erbium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Er  
Tm  
Group Number
Not Available  
Not Available  
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440520  
35
7440304  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
5
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
Sources
Mining  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander  
Per Teodor Cleve  
Discovery
In 1842  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %  
22
1 * 10-8 %  
30
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %  
26
~0.00000002 %  
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
32
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
NA  
Medical Uses
NA  
NA  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic  
Unknown  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C  
28
1,545.00 °C  
23
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C  
99+
1,730.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery Gray  
Luster
Lustrous  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa  
11
471.00 MPa  
25
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa  
19
520.00 MPa  
21
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s  
28
Not Available  
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Er  
Tm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31  
8
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24  
36
1.25  
35
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
29
1.11  
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76  
18
2.75  
19
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,160.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,285.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
33
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
33
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr  
28
2.10 g/amp-hr  
26
Electron Work Function
Not Available  
Not Available  
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
68  
99+
69  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2  
[Xe] 4f13 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
68  
99+
69  
99+
Number of Neutrons
99  
33
100  
32
Number of Electrons
68  
99+
69  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm  
18
176.00 pm  
18
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm  
19
160.00 pm  
30
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu  
99+
168.93 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol  
25
18.10 cm3/mol  
28
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Holmium
  
Erbium
  
Next Element
Thulium
  
Ytterbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)  
29
49.70 (-eV)  
28
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm  
39
353.75 pm  
40
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
17
1.57  
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3  
99+
9.32 g/cm3  
40
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3  
23
8.56 g/cm3  
24
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
20
0.06 (Pa)  
10
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa  
25
30.50 GPa  
22
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa  
27
44.50 GPa  
26
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa  
29
74.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
28
0.21  
31
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.07  
32
9.32  
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m  
99+
676.00 nΩ·m  
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
21
50.00 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)  
34
0.16 J/(kg K)  
35
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K  
11
27.03 J/mol·K  
22
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K  
99+
16.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)  
31
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
29
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol  
35
191.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol  
15
16.80 kJ/mol  
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol  
33
247.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K  
11
74.00 J/mol.K  
9
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