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Thulium vs Erbium

Thulium
Erbium
Erbium vs Thulium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm   
Er   
Group Number
Not Available   
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440304   
99+
7440520   
35
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve   
Carl Gustaf Mosander   
Discovery
In 1879   
In 1842   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %   
30
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %   
28
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
32
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
36
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Unknown   
Mildly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C   
23
1,522.00 °C   
28
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C   
99+
2,510.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Gray   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa   
25
814.00 MPa   
11
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa   
21
589.00 MPa   
19
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
2,830.00 m/s   
28
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm   
Er   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
31   
8
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25   
35
1.24   
36
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.11   
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75   
19
2.76   
18
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol   
99+
589.30 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,194.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
26
2.08 g/amp-hr   
28
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69   
99+
68   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2   
[Xe] 4f12 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
69   
99+
68   
99+
Number of Neutrons
100   
32
99   
33
Number of Electrons
69   
99+
68   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
176.00 pm   
18
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm   
30
189.00 pm   
19
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu   
99+
167.26 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol   
28
18.40 cm3/mol   
25
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Erbium
  
Holmium
  
Next Element
Ytterbium
  
Thulium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)   
28
49.00 (-eV)   
29
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm   
40
355.88 pm   
39
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
1.57   
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3   
40
9.07 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3   
24
8.86 g/cm3   
23
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)   
10
0.00 (Pa)   
20
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa   
22
28.30 GPa   
25
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa   
26
44.40 GPa   
27
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa   
27
69.90 GPa   
29
Poisson Ratio
0.21   
31
0.24   
28
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
9.07   
32
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m   
5
0.86 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
0.17 J/(kg K)   
34
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K   
22
28.12 J/mol·K   
11
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K   
99+
14.50 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)   
29
12.20 µm/(m·K)   
31
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol   
99+
261.00 kJ/mol   
35
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol   
17
17.20 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol   
99+
314.00 kJ/mol   
33
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K   
9
73.10 J/mol.K   
11
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